“…This tuning step is iteratively performed until the last iteration. This section also explains the Hammerstein model that is widely used to identify real nonlinear plants and processes [16], [17], including Thermoelectric cooler [18], [19], amplified piezoelectric tube actuators [20], forecast of wind speed [21], giant magnetostrictive actuators (GMAs) [22], boiler superheated steam pressure [23], boost converter of DC/DC [24], intelligent pneumatic actuator (IPA) [25], hydraulic mini excavator [26], ultrasonic motor [27], proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) [28], turntable servo system [29], valve Stiction [30] and electrically stimulated muscle [31]. The Hammerstein model can accurately model actuators to solve control issues and strengthen nonlinearity system identification.…”