IDENTIFICATION OF MARINE DINOFLAGELLATES USING FLUORESCENT LECTINS<sup>1</sup>

Costas, Eduardo; Rodas, Victoria López

doi:10.1111/j.0022-3646.1994.00987.x

Cited by 47 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Once contacted by a grazer cell, prey surface compounds might signal ''don't eat me'' (Wolfe 2000); high-speed video photography and behavioral assays have shown that planktonic protists can indeed respond to cell surface-associated cues (Taniguchi and Takeda 1988;Snyder 1991;Sakaguchi et al 2001). Although previous work with lectins has demonstrated that closely related phytoplankton species or even strains can have widely differing cell surface sugars (Costas and Rodas 1994;Hori et al 1996), our lectin binding results show no major differences among the four E. huxleyi strains in this regard (Table 2). Distinguishing cell surface cues, if any, must lie in other compound classes for these E. huxleyi strains.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical defense in the microplankton I: Feeding and growth rates of heterotrophic protists on the DMS‐producing phytoplankter Emiliania huxleyi

Strom

Wolfe

Holmes

et al. 2003

Limnology & Oceanography

116

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In this study, the hypothesis that Emiliania huxleyi, a cosmopolitan, bloom-forming coccolithophorid, produces chemical defenses against protist grazers was tested using four axenic strains of the alga. The putative chemical defense involves the cleavage of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) by the enzyme DMSP lyase to yield dimethylsulfide (DMS) and acrylate. Out of six tested protist grazer species, five (including ciliates and heterotrophic dinoflagellates) showed lower feeding rates on E. huxleyi strains with high DMPS lyase activity than on low-lyase strains. Reductions in population growth rate were consistent with feeding reductions. These results suggest that high levels of DMSP lyase activity somehow promote reduced palatability, although covariation of E. huxleyi protein and carbohydrate content with DMSP lyase activity meant that prey ''nutritional quality'' could not be ruled out as a contributing factor. Additional experiments with the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Amphidinium longum demonstrated that (1) individuals need not ingest E. huxleyi cells to receive the ''don't eat me'' cue and (2) exposure to highlyase E. huxleyi cells confers no harmful consequences in terms of the ability to feed and grow on alternate phytoplankton prey. Thus, factors promoting reduced grazing on high-lyase E. huxleyi are hypothesized to constitute signals rather than acute toxins. Furthermore, although cell surface carbohydrates (as assayed by lectin binding) showed few differences among strains, results of feeding studies indicate that the deterrent signal resides on the cell surface or in the near-cell dissolved phase. Behavior responses to such cues might play an important role in the outcome of encounters between protist grazers and their prey, with profound consequences for planktonic community structure.Chemical defenses-chemicals used by individuals to reduce or eliminate agents of mortality-are widespread throughout the natural world. Best studied in terrestrial systems, chemical defense compounds are highly diverse (Berenbaum 1995), ranging from the tannins in oaks to the mustard oil bomb of the bombardier beetle. Similarly, marine macroalgae and invertebrates utilize chemical defenses in systems ranging from kelp forests to coral reefs (Hay 1996). Chemical defenses are employed by bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals, and can defend against attack and mortality due to herbivory, carnivory, and parasitic or microbial infections. The myriad ways in which chemical defenses can be deployed, countermined, co-opted, and mimicked provide not only a rich source of ecological insight, but appear to be fundamental in structuring terrestrial and marine benthic ecosystems.Examples of chemical defenses are known from marine planktonic ecosystems as well, although the significance of the phenomenon for ecosystem structure and function has AcknowledgmentsWe thank Kelley Bright, Marnie Zirbel, Jennifer Clough, and Brady Olson for assistance. We are grateful to Tim Bates and Bruce Frost for the loan of equipment. Juan...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical defense in the microplankton I: Feeding and growth rates of heterotrophic protists on the DMS‐producing phytoplankter Emiliania huxleyi

Strom

Wolfe

Holmes

et al. 2003

Limnology & Oceanography

116

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“…All parameters can be assessed on the species level or even on level of sub-populations (Reckermann and Veldhuis, 1997). were mainly used to study class and cell structure specific binding (Sengbusch et al, 1982;Sengbusch and Müller, 1983;Costas and Rodas, 1994;Costas et al, 1995). Alternative stains to detect specific cellular compounds are Calcofluor White-ST, which stains typically cellulose and chitin fibres, the lipid stains Neutral Red (Crippen, 1974) and Nile Red (Cooksey et al, 1987;Macho et al, 1996).…”

Section: Growth Ratementioning

confidence: 99%

Application of flow cytometry in marine phytoplankton research: current applications and future perspectives

Veldhuis¹,

Kraay²

2000

Sci. Mar.

169

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SUMMARY: A brief overview is given of current applications of flow cytometry (FCM) in marine phytoplankton research. This paper presents a selection of highlights and various technical and analytical problems we encountered during the past 10 years. In particular, the conversion of the relative values obtained in terms of size and fluorescence applying FCM to quantitative estimates of cell size, pigment concentration, genome size etc., is addressed. The introduction of DNA -cellcycle analysis made easily assessable by flow cytometry has been of great importance, allowing in situ measurement of species specific growth rates. Key questions in ecology such as factors determining the wax and wane of phytoplankton bloom can now be better answered in terms of species specific growth and mortality. Finally, flow cytometry provides detailed information of the physiological status of the individual algal cells. New staining methods enable us to distinguish between viable and non-viable cells and so will help us to elucidate the importance of "automortality" in aquatic ecosystems.

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“…Increasing attention is being given to the potential of nucleic acid, antibody and lectin-binding probes for the detection and quantification of marine microplankton communities (Bates et al 1993, Costas & Rodas 1994, Lim et al 1996, Tyrrell et al 1997, Rhodes 1998, Jochem 2000. The theoretical framework for such analyses is derived from the strong binding-specificity of both complementary nucleic acid sequences and antibody:antigen pairs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of bead array technology to community dynamics of marine phytoplankton

Ellison

Burton²

2005

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Studies of the dynamics of marine microplanktonic systems have been hampered by a lack of high-throughput technologies for the simultaneous identification and quantification of the many taxa comprising such communities. To address this problem, we describe a DNA-hybridizationbased method of analysis employing bead array technology. Species-and/or genus-specific probes for 8 phytoplankton taxa were designed and applied to the microplankton community sampled from coastal waters off La Jolla, California, over an exploratory time series 10 d in length. Bulk DNA extractions from 1 l of seawater were used without PCR amplification. Taxa analyzed comprised 4 dinoflagellates, 3 diatoms, and 1 coccolithophorid. The results demonstrated that specifically targeted oligonucleotide probes can be used in this fashion with a high degree of binding-specificity, dependent on hybridization temperature, and that standard curves relative to target-cell concentration can be constructed. The use of 2 different probes for each taxon can provide added confidence that probes are taxon-specific. Further, single-species assays and multiplexed assays were generally in good agreement, as were assays of replicate seawater samples. Once sets of probes are developed for particular groups of taxa, the bead array system appears to provide a technological platform with great promise for high-throughput analyses of microplanktonic communities.

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IDENTIFICATION OF MARINE DINOFLAGELLATES USING FLUORESCENT LECTINS¹

Cited by 47 publications

References 15 publications

Chemical defense in the microplankton I: Feeding and growth rates of heterotrophic protists on the DMS‐producing phytoplankter Emiliania huxleyi

Chemical defense in the microplankton I: Feeding and growth rates of heterotrophic protists on the DMS‐producing phytoplankter Emiliania huxleyi

Application of flow cytometry in marine phytoplankton research: current applications and future perspectives

Application of bead array technology to community dynamics of marine phytoplankton

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IDENTIFICATION OF MARINE DINOFLAGELLATES USING FLUORESCENT LECTINS1

Cited by 47 publications

References 15 publications

Chemical defense in the microplankton I: Feeding and growth rates of heterotrophic protists on the DMS‐producing phytoplankter Emiliania huxleyi

Chemical defense in the microplankton I: Feeding and growth rates of heterotrophic protists on the DMS‐producing phytoplankter Emiliania huxleyi

Application of flow cytometry in marine phytoplankton research: current applications and future perspectives

Application of bead array technology to community dynamics of marine phytoplankton

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IDENTIFICATION OF MARINE DINOFLAGELLATES USING FLUORESCENT LECTINS¹