Identification of Newly Emerging Influenza Viruses by Detecting the Virally Infected Cells Based on Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy and Principal Component Analysis

Abstract

Rapid diagnosis and quarantine of influenza virus mutant-infected people is critical to contain the fatal viral infection spread because effective antiviral drugs are normally not available. Conventional methods, however, cannot be used for the diagnosis because these methods need predefined labels, likely also unavailable for just emerging viruses. Here, we propose label-free identification of cells infected with different influenza viruses based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and principal component analysis (PCA). Viral envelope proteins that are displayed on the surface of cells after infection of influenza viruses were targeted for this identification. Cells that expressed the envelope proteins of A/WSN/33 H1N1 or A/California/04/2009 H1N1 influenza viruses produced distinct SERS signals. Cells that displayed combinations of the envelope proteins from these two viral variants, an indication of emergence of a new virus, also generated characteristic SERS patterns. However, the cell’s own surface proteins often hindered the identification of virally infected cells by producing SERS peaks similar to viral ones. PCA of the obtained SERS patterns could effectively capture the virus-specific signal components from the jumbled SERS peaks. Our study demonstrates a potential of combination of SERS and PCA to identify newly emerging influenza viruses through sensing the cells infected with the viruses.

Surface Chemistry Can Unlock Drivers of Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 in a Variety of Environmental Conditions

“…Moreover, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) can be used to identify the proteins of enveloped viruses, like SARS-CoV-2, that are adsorbed onto solid surfaces. 62 …”

“… (D) SERS to identify cells infected with newly emerging viruses (top), adapted from Lim et al. 62 Copyright 2019 American Chemical Society. SERS on self-assembled monolayer (SAM)-functionalized Ag electrode (bottom left), infrared absorption spectro-electrochemistry on SAM-coated Au electrode (bottom right), reprinted from Kornienko et al.…”

On-Site Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Antigen by Deep Learning-Based Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy and Its Biochemical Foundations

“… 15 , 16 Recently, SERS has been employed to detect the influenza virus and hepatitis B virus in human plasma. 17 − 19 However, the absence of clinical research makes it difficult for the practical applications of SERS in large-scale screening for SARS-CoV-2.…”

Roadmap on Universal Photonic Biosensors for Real-Time Detection of Emerging Pathogens

“…In particular, two techniques have emerged as particularly promising for bioanalysis, which are surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) [142,[166][167][168] and tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) [169]. These techniques have already been proven effective for pathogen detection [165,170,171]. Overall, one of the greatest advantages of vibrational spectroscopy is its potential use for the multiplexed detection of a variety of pathogens, in combination with affinity-type optical detection techniques.…”