Identification of nitrogenous components of fungal and bacterial origin immobilized in decomposing wheat straw by NMR spectroscopy using 15N CPMAS

Bedrock, C. N.; Cheshire, M. V.; Williams, B. L.; Solntseva, Irina; Chapman, Stephen J.; Chudek, J. A.; Goodman, B. A.

doi:10.1016/s0038-0717(97)85532-0

Cited by 13 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The 15 N CP NMR spectra of the plant materials (Figures 1 and 2) were similar to each other, and to those of previously published 15 N CP NMR spectra of 15 N-enriched plant materials (Knicker and Lu¨demann, 1995;Knicker, 2000), and indeed similar to previously published 15 N CP NMR spectra of 15 N-enriched fungal (Jacob et al, 1980;Bedrock et al, 1998;Cheshire et al, 1999), bacterial (Bedrock et al, 1998;Cheshire et al, 1999) and algal (Knicker et al, 1996a;Knicker, 2000;Zang et al, 2001) materials. The amine region showed the largest differences between the plant materials, with the kikuyu stems and roots having the highest proportion of amine N, and eucalyptus leaves the lowest.…”

Section: Characterization Of Nitrogen In These Samplessupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Solid-state 15 N NMR spectroscopy has been used extensively to determine the chemical nature of N in plant materials (Knicker and Lu¨demann, 1995;Hopkins et al, 1997;Knicker, 2002), fungi (Jacob et al, 1980;Bedrock et al, 1998;Cheshire et al, 1999), bacteria (Bedrock et al, 1998;Cheshire et al, 1999), algae (Derenne et al, 1993;Knicker et al, 1996a;Knicker, 2000;Zang et al, 2001), organic matter in soils (see, for example, Knicker et al, 1993;Clinton et al, 1995;Knicker and Skjemstad, 2000;Mahieu et al, 2000;Smernik and Baldock, 2005), sediments Hatcher, 1997, 2001) and waters (McCarthy et al, 1997;Dignac et al, 2000), and geological materials such as coal and kerogen (Knicker et al, 1996a;Keleman et al, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Solid-state 15N NMR analysis of highly 15N-enriched plant materials

Smernik

Baldock

2005

Plant Soil

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Solid-state 15 N NMR spectroscopy was used to determine the chemical nature of nitrogen in 15 Nenriched material from the roots and stems of wheat (Triticum aesitivum), field pea (Pisum sativum) and kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) and from the roots, stems and leaves of a eucalyptus species (Eucalyptus globulus). Nitrogen-15 cross polarization (CP) spectra of the materials were all very similar, with 64-75% of total signal assigned to amide N. Spin counting analysis indicated that 37-80% of potential signal was accounted for in the CP spectra, and that NMR observability using the CP technique (N obs -CP) was higher for stems and leaves than for roots, and higher for wheat and eucalyptus than for peas and kikuyu. The 15 N direct polarization (DP) spectra contained higher proportions of signal assigned to amine (up to 22%) and nitrate (up to 17%), and less assigned to amide N (50-72%) than the corresponding CP spectra. Spin counting analysis indicated that 68-93% of potential signal was accounted for in the DP spectra, confirming the DP technique to be more quantitatively reliable than CP.Abbreviations: CP -Cross polarization; DP -Direct polarization; NMR -Nuclear Magnetic Resonance; Py-GC-MS -Pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; T 1 H -Proton ( 1 H) spin-lattice relaxation rate in the static frame; T 1 N -Nitrogen ( 15 N) spin-lattice relaxation rate in the static frame; T 1q H -Proton ( 1 H) spin-lattice relaxation rate in the rotating frame; XPS -X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

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Section: Characterization Of Nitrogen In These Samplessupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solid-state 15N NMR analysis of highly 15N-enriched plant materials

Smernik

Baldock

2005

Plant Soil

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“…To improve signal-to-noise ratios, a number of researchers have utilized 15 N labeling in composting studies. In such studies utilizing 15 N-labeled plant material (Knicker and Lu¨demann 1995;Hopkins et al 1997;Knicker 2002), 15 N labeled algal material (Knicker 2000b;Knicker et al 1996a;Zang et al 2001) or 15 N labeled nitrate and ammonium Bedrock et al 1998;Cheshire et al 1999), the signal from amide N predominated, and very little heterocyclic N was detected. On the other hand, incubations of plant material with 15 N-labeled urea (Benzing-Purdie et al 1992;Skene et al 1997) and humic fractions with 15 N-labeled nitrite (Thorn and Mikita 2000) formed considerable quantities of non-amide N. Incubations of soil with 15 N-labeled trinitrotoluene (TNT) also resulted in the formation of non-amide TNT-breakdown products containing various forms of organic N (Knicker et al 1999;Bruns-Nagel et al 2000;.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does Solid-state 15N NMR Spectroscopy Detect all Soil Organic Nitrogen?

Smernik

Baldock

2005

Biogeochemistry

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Virtually all of the N detected by 15 N cross polarization (CP) NMR spectra of four HF-treated soil clay fractions is amide N. However, the intensity of this 15 N CP NMR signal (per unit N) is 27-57% lower than detected for a wheat protein, gliadin. There are two possible explanations -either the amide N in the soil clay fractions produces proportionately less NMR signal than does the amide N in gliadin, or part of the N in the soil clay fractions produces little or no NMR signal. The cross polarization dynamics of the gliadin amide resonance and amide resonances detected for the soil clay fractions are very similar and thus should produce similar amounts of signal, ruling out the first possibility. Therefore up to half or even more of the organic N in these soil clay fractions must be in a form that is insensitive to NMR detection. For a model compound (caffeine), non-protonated heterocyclic N produced less than 20% of the signal of an equivalent amount of amide N in gliadin. Results from several 13 C NMR techniques provide further evidence that much of the undetected N in the soil clay fractions may be heterocyclic.

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“…Thus, the hypothesis that nitrogen immobilized in naturally decaying shoots is only negligibly microbial and mostly abiotically fixed to shoot humic-like polymers is invalidated for smooth cordgrass (Newell 1993, White andHowes 1994), as it has been for terrestrial straw (Bedrock et al 1998).…”

Section: Standing Cropsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial Secondary Production from Salt Marsh-Grass Shoots, and Its Known and Potential Fates

Newell

Porter

Concepts and Controversies in Tidal Marsh Ecology

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Several lines of evidence (direct microscopy, index biochemicals) point to predominance of eukaryotic decomposers in natural decay of dead shoots of smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora). Recent research shows that this is also true for black needlerush (Juncus roemerianus). Ascomycetous fungi are the major initial secondary producers based on the dead shoots. There is no overlap between the species of the cordgrass (e.g., Phaeosphaeria spartinicola) and needlerush (e.g., Loratospora aestuarii) fungal-decay communities. Even when conditions in the marsh are manipulated in directions that would be expected to favor prokaryotes (extra water and nitrogen), the ascomycetes accumulate maximum organic masses in standing-decaying shoots hundreds of times larger than prokaryotic masses. Rates of fungal production are not increased by raising duration of high water availability, probably due to fine-tuned fungal adaptation to periodic dryness, but nitrogen does limit fungal productivity in decaying cordgrass. Content of living-fungal mass can be 10 to 20% of total system (= microbes + remaining plant) mass, depending on nitrogen availability, rates of invertebrate mycophagy, and probably several further factors yet to be determined. Standing crops of living fungi in cordgrass marshes in Georgia basis) have been calculated to be equal to 3% (summer) to 28% (winter) of living-cordgrass standing crop. This is calculated to be about 50 to 100% of total (non-cyano) bacterial crop; the great bulk of bacterial crop is sedimentary. Fungal productivity per standing-decaying-cordgrass marsh has been provisionally found to be 10 times greater in winter than in summer (3652 mg per per day; ). Total bacterial productivity per was calculated to be about x2 fungal in summer, and x0.07 fungal in winter. High yields of fungi (on the order of 50%) from cordgrass shoots may be part of the explanation for high rates of animal secondary production in saltmarsh ecosystems. Cordgrass-fungal standing crops and productivities (per unit leaf mass) do not show pronounced variation (in autumn) along a south-north latitudinal gradient from 30° to 44°N. One major known fate of saltmarsh-fungal secondary production is output to shredder gastropods (periwinkles, Littoraria irrorata). Other potential substantial fluxes are to 159

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Identification of nitrogenous components of fungal and bacterial origin immobilized in decomposing wheat straw by NMR spectroscopy using 15N CPMAS

Cited by 13 publications

References 9 publications

Solid-state 15N NMR analysis of highly 15N-enriched plant materials

Solid-state 15N NMR analysis of highly 15N-enriched plant materials

Does Solid-state 15N NMR Spectroscopy Detect all Soil Organic Nitrogen?

Microbial Secondary Production from Salt Marsh-Grass Shoots, and Its Known and Potential Fates

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