Identification of Non-Zinc Binding Inhibitors of MMP-2 Through Virtual Screening and Subsequent Rescoring

Abstract

MMP-2 belongs to a large family of proteases called matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that degrades type IV collagen, the main structural component of basement membranes and gelatin. The main pathologic role of MMP-2 overexpression is to contribute to the development of cancer through the progression of metastasis and angiogenesis. A structure-based virtual screening was employed to find new inhibitors with possible selectivity for MMP-2. The inhibitory activities of 3 inhibitors (one was not a suitable drug-like hit) among 19 purchased compounds were approved by enzyme inhibition assay. 5 hits were non-zinc-binding inhibitors of MMP-2. The results demonstrated that a computer-aided drug design could be successfully applied for discovering new MMP-2 inhibitors. We found inhibitors with new scaffolds for the inhibition of MMP-2 with some selectivity features that could be used for future lead optimization processes. According to the docked pose and MD simulation, compound 13 was expected to interact with the S1' specificity loop of MMP-2 and had 2 π-π interactions and a stable hydrogen bond with the MMP-2 active site. The key feature of compound 13 could be used to guide the design of new non-zinc-binding inhibitors of MMP-2.

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“…MMPs are highly conserved zinc-dependent endopeptidases, which can degrade the basement membrane and extracellular matrix components. The upregulation of MMP-2 was found to increase tumor invasion and metastasis ( 43 ). HK2 is a key enzyme in glycolysis; the activation of mTORC1 upregulated the expression of HK2 protein, promoting glucose absorption and increasing the level of lactate secreted by cells ( 44 ).…”