Identification of Novel Microcystins Using High-Resolution MS and MS<sup><i>n</i></sup> with Python Code

Baliu-Rodriguez, David; Peraino, Nicholas J.; Premathilaka, Sanduni H.; Birbeck, Johnna A.; Baliu-Rodriguez, Tomás; Westrick, Judy A.; Isailović, Dragan

doi:10.1021/acs.est.1c04296

Cited by 51 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…These biotoxins contain a rare 3-amino-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyl-4,6-decadienoic acid (ADDA) with two variable L amino acid residues [ 7 ]. The literature confirms over 300 variants of microcystin [ 8 ], with microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR) as the most important one due to its global distribution, ubiquity, and toxicity [ 9 ]. Multiple bloom-forming species (toxigenic and non-toxigenic) can produce MC-LR although Microcystis remains its primary manufacturer during cyanobacterial bloom incidents [ 10 , 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microcystin Contamination and Toxicity: Implications for Agriculture and Public Health

Melaram

Newton

Chafin

2022

Toxins

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Microcystins are natural hepatotoxic metabolites secreted by cyanobacteria in aquatic ecosystems. When present at elevated concentrations, microcystins can affect water quality aesthetics; contaminate drinking water reservoirs and recreational waters; disrupt normal ecosystem functioning; and cause health hazards to animals, plants, and humans. Animal and human exposures to microcystins generally result from ingesting contaminated drinking water or physically contacting tainted water. Much research has identified a multitude of liver problems from oral exposure to microcystins, varying from hepatocellular damage to primary liver cancer. Provisional guidelines for microcystins in drinking and recreational water have been established to prevent toxic exposures and protect public health. With increasing occurrences of eutrophication in freshwater systems, microcystin contamination in groundwater and surface waters is growing, posing threats to aquatic and terrestrial plants and agricultural soils used for crop production. These microcystins are often transferred to crops via irrigation with local sources of water, such as bloom-forming lakes and ponds. Microcystins can survive in high quantities in various parts of plants (roots, stems, and leaves) due to their high chemical stability and low molecular weight, increasing health risks for consumers of agricultural products. Studies have indicated potential health risks associated with contaminated fruits and vegetables sourced from irrigated water containing microcystins. This review considers the exposure risk to humans, plants, and the environment due to the presence of microcystins in local water reservoirs used for drinking and irrigation. Additional studies are needed to understand the specific health impacts associated with the consumption of microcystin-contaminated agricultural plants.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microcystin Contamination and Toxicity: Implications for Agriculture and Public Health

Melaram

Newton

Chafin

2022

Toxins

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“…For comparison, two independent measurements were completed with independently grown cultures. In addition to ELISA assays, MC congener composition was determined using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) via methods previously described (Baliu-Rodriguez et al, 2022; Palagama et al, 2020). Congener identification was confirmed via standards for isoforms MC-LR, RR, YR, LA, LW, LF, HilR, LY and D-Asp MC-LR.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Western Lake Erie Culture Collection: A promising resource for evaluating the physiological and genetic diversity ofMicrocystisand its associated microbiome

Yancey

Denef

Errera

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Cyanobacteria harmful algal blooms (cyanoHABs) dominated byMicrocystisspp. have significant public health and economic implications in freshwater bodies around the world. These blooms are capable of producing a variety of cyanotoxins, including microcystins, that affect fishing and tourism industries, human and environmental health, and access to drinking water. In this study, we isolated and sequenced the genomes of 21 unialgalMicrocystiscultures collected from western Lake Erie between 2017-2019. While some cultures isolated in different years have a high degree of genetic similarity (Average Nucleotide Identity >99%), genomic data shows that these cultures also represent much of the breadth of knownMicrocystisdiversity in natural populations. Only 5 isolates contained all the genes required for microcystin synthesis while 2 isolates contained a previously described partialmcyoperon. Microcystin production within cultures was also assessed using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and supported genomic results with high concentrations (up to 900 μg L-1) in cultures with completemcyoperons and no or low toxin detected otherwise. These xenic cultures also contained a substantial diversity of bacteria associated withMicrocystis, which has become increasingly recognized as an essential component of cyanoHAB community dynamics. These results highlight the genomic diversity amongMicrocystisstrains and associated bacteria in Lake Erie, and their potential impacts on bloom development, toxin production, and toxin degradation. This collection significantly increases the availability of environmentally relevantMicrocystisstrains from temperate North America, which is changing rapidly due to climate change.HighlightsTwenty one xenicMicrocystiscultures were isolated from western Lake Erie and capture the diversity ofMicrocystisstrains observed in natural populations as well as their associated bacteriaMicrocystisstrains show variability in core and accessory gene content, and genetically similar strains produce varying concentrations and congeners of microcystinsThis collection is a valuable resource for studying strain diversity and interactions betweenMicrocystisand associated bacteriaOur collection increases the availability of environmentally relevant strains from temperate North America, which is historically underrepresented in culture collections.

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“…The toxicokinetics, molecular toxicology, and pathophysiology of microcystins has been recently and comprehensively reviewed by Arman and Clarke [ 20 ]. There are over 300 different congeners of microcystins identified to date [ 21 ]. MCs are cyclic heptapeptides with two conventional amino acids in positions X and Y and a unique β-amino acid ADDA (3-Amino-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca-4,6-dienoic acid) ( Figure 1 A) [ 22 ].…”

Section: Harmful Algal Blooms and Cyanotoxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

As We Drink and Breathe: Adverse Health Effects of Microcystins and Other Harmful Algal Bloom Toxins in the Liver, Gut, Lungs and Beyond

Lad

Breidenbach

et al. 2022

Life

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Freshwater harmful algal blooms (HABs) are increasing in number and severity worldwide. These HABs are chiefly composed of one or more species of cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green algae, such as Microcystis and Anabaena. Numerous HAB cyanobacterial species produce toxins (e.g., microcystin and anatoxin—collectively referred to as HAB toxins) that disrupt ecosystems, impact water and air quality, and deter recreation because they are harmful to both human and animal health. Exposure to these toxins can occur through ingestion, inhalation, or skin contact. Acute health effects of HAB toxins have been well documented and include symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea, headache, fever, and skin rashes. While these adverse effects typically increase with amount, duration, and frequency of exposure, susceptibility to HAB toxins may also be increased by the presence of comorbidities. The emerging science on potential long-term or chronic effects of HAB toxins with a particular emphasis on microcystins, especially in vulnerable populations such as those with pre-existing liver or gastrointestinal disease, is summarized herein. This review suggests additional research is needed to define at-risk populations who may be helped by preventative measures. Furthermore, studies are required to develop a mechanistic understanding of chronic, low-dose exposure to HAB toxins so that appropriate preventative, diagnostic, and therapeutic strategies can be created in a targeted fashion.

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Identification of Novel Microcystins Using High-Resolution MS and MSⁿ with Python Code

Cited by 51 publications

References 67 publications

Microcystin Contamination and Toxicity: Implications for Agriculture and Public Health

Microcystin Contamination and Toxicity: Implications for Agriculture and Public Health

The Western Lake Erie Culture Collection: A promising resource for evaluating the physiological and genetic diversity ofMicrocystisand its associated microbiome

As We Drink and Breathe: Adverse Health Effects of Microcystins and Other Harmful Algal Bloom Toxins in the Liver, Gut, Lungs and Beyond

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Identification of Novel Microcystins Using High-Resolution MS and MSn with Python Code

Cited by 51 publications

References 67 publications

Microcystin Contamination and Toxicity: Implications for Agriculture and Public Health

Microcystin Contamination and Toxicity: Implications for Agriculture and Public Health

The Western Lake Erie Culture Collection: A promising resource for evaluating the physiological and genetic diversity ofMicrocystisand its associated microbiome

As We Drink and Breathe: Adverse Health Effects of Microcystins and Other Harmful Algal Bloom Toxins in the Liver, Gut, Lungs and Beyond

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Identification of Novel Microcystins Using High-Resolution MS and MSⁿ with Python Code