Identification of organic materials in icons of the Cretan School of iconography

Transylvanian glass icons: A GC/MS study on the binding media

“…Results obtained from the present study are in agreement with the already published data for icons of the Cretan School [19] and post-Byzantine icons from Greece [20,21]. In both cases the use of a combination of organic binding media, in particular a mixture of proteinaceous materials and drying oils was reported.…”

Absorption and luminescence spectra of cochineal

“…ðStructure IIÞ decades to form complexes which undergo a metal dependent shift of the longest-wavelength absorption [9,10]. Accordingly such spectral data can be used for analytical applications.…”

“…Complications can arise with alizarin derivatives which contain additional ligand functions [19]. Generally, coordination shifts the longest-wavelength absorption and fluorescence to the red [9,10]. Formation of the chelate should increase the acceptor strength of the quinone function by withdrawing electron density to the metal cation.…”

“…Finally, the present investigation could facilitate the application of new complexes of carminic acid in dye technology. Historically, cochineal was extensively used as colorant for art objects [9].…”

Characterization of the materials used in Chinese ink sticks by pyrolysis-gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

“…However, there will be fat residual in the glue when the glue is not well refined, which could be one source of fatty acids. From our experiences [19,25], fatty acids always were detected in the purchased reference animal glue with the GC-MS procedure. The reason for the absence of fatty acids in the pyrograms (TIC) of the HK and QM samples can be explained as follows: much less amount of sample was used in Py-GC-MS analysis comparing with that in GC-MS procedure, so the amounts of the fatty acids in the sample are very small.…”