Identification of Potential Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Targets in Gliomas via Bioinformatic Analyses

Abstract

Background. Glioma is a common tumor originating from the glial cells of the brain. Immune checkpoint inhibitors can potentially be used to treat gliomas, although no drug is currently approved. Methods. The expression levels of the immune checkpoint genes in glioma and normal tissues, and their correlation with the IDH mutation status and complete 1p/19q codeletion, were analyzed using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) databases. Survival analyses were conducted using the CGGA database. Protein-protein interaction and functional enrichment analyses were performed via the STRING database using GO, KEGG, and Reactome pathways. The correlation between the immune checkpoints and the immune cell infiltration was determined using the TISIDB and TIMER databases. Results. HAVCR2 was overexpressed in the gliomas compared to normal brain tissues, as well as in the high-grade glioma patients and significantly downregulated in IDH mutant or 1p/19q codeletion patients. Overexpression of HAVCR2 was associated with poor survival in tumor grades II, III, and IV and was the most correlated with immune infiltration of B and T cells. Conclusion. HAVCR2 can be a potential therapeutic target for cancer immunotherapy for glioma patients.

A Mitophagy-Related Gene Signature for Subtype Identification and Prognosis Prediction of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

“…Based on the clusters formed through consensus clustering, immune infiltration of the clusters was performed with EPIC algorithms using the “immunedeconv” R package and visualized in the form of a heatmap and boxplot. Moreover, IC-related genes ( CD274 , PDCD1 , PDCD1LG2 , CTLA4, LAG3 , HAVCR2 , TIGIT , and SIGLEC15 ) were selected [ 70 ], and the expression values of these genes were visualized using “ggplot2” and “pheatmap” R packages. Statistical significance was determined using the Wilcox test, and a p value < 0.05 was considered significant.…”

Arachidonate lipoxygenases 5 is a novel prognostic biomarker and correlates with high tumor immune infiltration in low-grade glioma

“…Diffuse low-grade gliomas (LGG) include grade II astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, and oligoastrocytomas (Jiang et al, 2016). After comprehensive treatments including surgical resection, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, LGG patients have a better prognosis with a median survival of more than 10 years (Ding et al, 2022). However, they have inevitably suffered from recurrence and malignant progression due to the highly invasive nature of LGG (Zhao et al, 2022).…”

Evaluating glioblastoma tumour sphere growth and migration in interaction with astrocytes using 3D collagen-hyaluronic acid hydrogels

“…To identify differences resulting specifically from cross-talk as opposed to the presence of astrocytes alone, we also compared each GB co-culture to a sample comprised of mixed RNA from GB cells and astrocytes grown separately (Table 2 44,45,49,50,53,54,[58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72] ). Co-cultures vs. mixed separate culture comparisons for LN229 and U87 cells yielded 55 and 58 DEGs, respectively (Tables S4, S5 and Fig.…”