Identification of Proanthocyanidin Dimers and Trimers, Flavone C-Glycosides, and Antioxidants in Ficus deltoidea, a Malaysian Herbal Tea

Abstract

Phenolic compounds in an aqueous infusion of leaves of Ficus deltoidea (Moraceae), a well-known herbal tea in Malaysia, were analyzed by HPLC coupled to photodiode array and fluorescence detectors and an electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometer. Following chromatography of extracts on a reversed phase C(12) column, 25 flavonoids were characterized and/or tentatively identified with the main constituents being flavan-3-ol monomers, proanthocyanidins, and C-linked flavone glycosides. The proanthocyanidins were dimers and trimers comprising (epi)catechin and (epi)afzelechin units. No higher molecular weight proanthocyanidin polymers were detected. The antioxidant activity of F. deltoidea extract was analyzed using HPLC with online antioxidant detection. This revealed that 85% of the total antioxidant activity of the aqueous F. deltoidea infusion was attributable to the flavan-3-ol monomers and the proanthocyanidins.

Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of Ficus species leaves extracts against Pseudomonas aeruginosa

“…Ong et al (2011) demonstrated enhancement of flavonoid compounds (rutin, quercetin, and naringenin) in cell cultures of F. deltoidea influenced by different carbon sources as well as plant growth regulators [25]. A comprehensive study on flavonoid compounds of aqueous extract of F. deltoidea was conducted by Omar et al (2011) using HPLC-MS-based methodology and more than 25 compounds were identified [24]. Currently, two bioactive constituents known as vitexin and isovitexin have been isolated, identified, and evaluated to show α-glucosidase inhibition [6].…”

Metabolite Profiling of Tabat Barito (Ficus deltoidea) Using UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS

“…Flavonoid has been reported for several Ficus species [12,14,22,23]. Indication for the presence of several flavonoids in leaves samples comes from the molecular ion peak of spectrum MS n with M-90 and M-120 fragments indicating for C-glycosides cleavage [14].…”

“…Metabolite profiling is one of the strategies in metabolomics analysis that has been widely used to describe secondary metabolite profiles without going through lengthy processes of metabolite isolation [14]. This approach has been applied to F.deltoidea growing in Malaysia, and several compounds of flavonoid and proanthocyanidin class were identified [12]. Metabolite profiling also has been performed on other ficus species namely F. lyrata, and several compounds of flavonoid, phenolic acid, fatty acid, and sphingolipid were identified tentatively [14].…”

“…The chemical components existing in F. deltoidea belong to polyphenols class (tannins, proanthocyanins), flavonoids, saponins, and triterpenoids [4,5,11]. Flavonoid compound that has been identified in F. deltoidea is (-)-epicatechin/(+)-catechin, (-)-epiafzelechin, (+)-afzelechin, (-)-epigallocatechin, luteolin, apigenin [12], vitexin, isovitexin [7], and caffeic acid [13].…”

Methyl 10-Epi-Pheophorbide a From McF-7 Cells Active Layer of the Indonesian Ficus Deltoidea Jack Leaves

“…The plant has been reported as traditional medicine to prevent and cure diseases such as diarrhea, sores lung watery, diabetes, high blood pressure, weak heart, cardiovascular and cure skin diseases [6]. Research showed that the extracts of F. deltoidea have effects as antioxidant [7,8], antidiabetic [7,9], anti-inflammatory [10,11], antinociceptive [12], antibacterial [13][14][15], anti melanogenic [16], antiherpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), antiproliferation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes [17,18] and antiangiogenic effect [19] to name a few. In our previous research, the result revealed that extracts of F. deltoidea leaves inhibited the growth of breast tumor in mice and inhibit enzyme tyrosine kinase activity [20].…”