Identification of Risk Factors Affecting Impaired Fasting Glucose and Diabetes in Adult Patients from Northeast China

Abstract

Background: Besides genetic factors, the occurrence of diabetes is influenced by lifestyles and environmental factors as well as trace elements in diet materials. Subjects with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) have an increased risk of developing diabetes mellitus (DM). This study aimed to explore risk factors affecting IFG and diabetes in patients from Northeast China. Methods: A population-based, cross-sectional survey of chronic diseases and related risk factors was conducted in Jilin Province of Northeast China. All adult residents, aged 18–79, were invited to participate in this survey using the method of multistage stratified random cluster sampling. One hundred thirty-four patients with IFG or DM and 391 healthy control subjects were recruited. We compared demographic factors, body size measurements, healthy-related behaviors, and hair metallic element contents between IFG/diabetes patients and healthy individuals. Results: IFG/diabetes patients had a greater weight, waist, hip, and body mass index (BMI) than control subjects. Significant differences in the content of zinc (Zn), potassium (K), copper (Ca), and sodium (Na) as well as Cu/Zn ratios between IFG or DM patients and control subjects (p < 0.05) were also observed. Hair Cu, selenium (Se), and Na contents were positively correlated with blood glucose levels (Cu: rs = 0.135, p = 0.002; Se: rs = 0.110, p = 0.012; Na: rs = 0.091, p = 0.038). Polytomous logistic regression adjusting for age, sex, family history of diabetes and BMI, showed that subjects with high BMI were more likely to develop IFG and DM (IFG: OR = 1.15, OR 95% CI = 1.02–1.29; DM: OR = 1.15, OR 95% CI = 1.01–1.33). Moreover, rarely or never eating fruits was a risk factor for DM (OR = 5.46, OR 95% CI = 1.87–15.98) but not for IFG (OR = 1.70, OR 95% CI = 0.72–4.02). Subjects with abdominal obesity or DM history were more susceptible to DM (abdominal obesity: OR = 2.99, OR 95% CI = 1.07–8.37; DM history: OR = 2.69, OR 95% CI = 1.01–7.20). We found that subjects living in Changling County had a significantly lower chance to suffer from IFG (OR and 95% CI for OR: 0.25, 0.08–0.74). Men and 60–69 years old subjects were at increased risk for IFG (male: OR = 3.51, OR 95% CI = 1.34–9.18; age 60–69: OR = 6.64, OR 95% CI = 1.36–32.47). We did not find significant associations of IFG or DM with certain lifestyles (such as eating more meat, exercise or physical activity, smoking, or alcohol drinking) or the content of some metallic elements (such as iron (Fe), Zn , K, calcium (Ca), Na, or magnesium (Mg)). Conclusions: This study demonstrated that less or no fruit eating, DM family history, abdominal obesity conferred vulnerability to DM. Living in Changling County, men and 60–69 years old subjects were found to be risk factors for IFG. Subjects with high BMI were more likely to develop IFG and DM.

Assessing the prevalence and risk factors of pre-diabetes among the community of Iganga Municipality, Uganda: A cross sectional study

“…It seems that high alcohol consumption interferes with normal glucose regulation as it is known to alter the normal metabolism by depleting the body of NAD+ required for regulating fasting and noo-fasting metabolism. Other risk factors for developing pre-diabetes are increased body mass index (24), family history of diabetes (25), advanced age (26) or less consumption of fruits and vegetables (24).…”

Content of magnesium and zinc in hair: systematic review and meta-analysis

“…Jony cynku są niezbędne do prawidłowej syntezy i wydzielania insuliny, zaś magnezu biorą udział m.in. w metabolizmie glukozy [15,18,19]. Analizowane badania potwierdziły znamiennie niższą zawartość cynku u pacjentów chorych na cukrzycę [18,19,26].…”

“…w metabolizmie glukozy [15,18,19]. Analizowane badania potwierdziły znamiennie niższą zawartość cynku u pacjentów chorych na cukrzycę [18,19,26]. Powyższe wyniki sugerują, że zawartość cynku we włosach może być pomocna we wczesnym diagnozowaniu cukrzycy, jednakże w przypadku zespołu metabolicznego sytuacja nie jest jednoznaczna.…”

Assessing the prevalence and risk factors of pre-diabetes among the community of Iganga Municipality, Uganda: A cross sectional study

“…Like with T2DM, there are a number of factors that seem to increase the chance of developing prediabetes. In a study among Swedish residents, high alcohol consumption was implicated as a risk factor for developing pre-diabetes (23,24). It seems that high alcohol consumption interferes with normal glucose regulation as it is known to alter the normal metabolism by depleting the body of NAD+ required for regulating fasting and noo-fasting metabolism.…”

“…It seems that high alcohol consumption interferes with normal glucose regulation as it is known to alter the normal metabolism by depleting the body of NAD+ required for regulating fasting and noo-fasting metabolism. Other risk factors for developing pre-diabetes are increased body mass index (24), family history of diabetes (25), advanced age (26) or less consumption of fruits and vegetables (24).…”