Identification of risk factors associated with highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus infection in poultry farms, in Nigeria during the epidemic of 2006–2007

Fasina, Folorunso Oludayo; Rivas, Ariel L.; Bisschop, Shahn P.R.; Stegeman, Arjan; Hernández, Jorge A.

doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.11.007

Cited by 52 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The space-time cluster interaction was measured at both the spatial and temporal scale using http://repository.uwc.ac.za 6 where n i and n j are the numbers of observations within distance h and time interval t for the pair of events, respectively.…”

Section: Bayesian Krigingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological analysis of spatially misaligned data: a case of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus outbreak in Nigeria

Adegboye

Kotzé

2013

Epidemiol. Infect.

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SummaryThis research is focused on the epidemiological analysis of the transmission of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus outbreak in Nigeria. The data included 145 outbreaks together with the locations of the infected farms and the date of confirmation of infection. In order to investigate the environmental conditions that favoured the transmission and spread of the virus, weather stations were realigned with the locations of the infected farms. The spatial KolmogorovSmirnov test for complete spatial randomness rejects the null hypothesis of constant intensity (P < 0·0001). Preliminary exploratory analysis showed an increase in the incidence of H5N1 virus at farms located at high altitude. Results from the Poisson log-linear conditional intensity function identified temperature (−0·9601) and wind speed (0·6239) as the ecological factors that influence the intensity of transmission of the H5N1 virus. The model also includes distance from the first outbreak (−0·9175) with an Akaike's Information Criterion of −103·87. Our analysis using a point process model showed that geographical heterogeneity, seasonal effects, temperature, wind as well as proximity to the first outbreak are very important components of spread and transmission of HPAI H5N1.

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Section: Bayesian Krigingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological analysis of spatially misaligned data: a case of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus outbreak in Nigeria

Adegboye

Kotzé

2013

Epidemiol. Infect.

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“…Although vaccination against HPAI was advocated by some (Fasina et al, 2007) and strongly supported by international organizations such as the OIE (Roeder et al, 2006), the Nigerian government decided not to implement a vaccination strategy. Overall, HPAI resulted in the death and culling of approximately 1.3 million birds (Fasina et al, 2011),…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 in Nigeria, 2005-2008

Henning¹,

Bett

Okike

et al. 2012

Transboundary and Emerging Diseases

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Outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 occurred in Nigeria between December 2005 and July 2008. We describe temporal and spatial characteristics of these outbreaks at State and Local Government Area (LGA) levels. A total of 25 of 37 States (67.6%; Exact 95% CI: 50.2-82.0%) and 81 of 774 LGAs (10.5%; Exact 95% CI: 8.4-12.8%) were affected by HPAI outbreaks over the period from 2005 to 2008. The incidence risk of HPAI outbreak occurrence at the State level was 5.6% (0.7-18.7%) for 2005, 50.0% (30.7-69.4%) for 2006, 54.5% (29.9-80.3%) for 2007 and 0% for 2008. Only very few LGAs experienced HPAI outbreaks within the affected States. The incidence risk of HPAI outbreak occurrence on a LGA level was 0.3% (0.0-0.9%) for 2005, 6.6% (4.9-8.6%) for 2006, 4.2% (2.9-6.0%) for 2007 and 0% for 2008. The mean period between farmers noticing HPAI outbreaks and reporting them to veterinary authorities, and between reporting HPAI outbreaks and the depopulation of infected premises, was for both 4.5 days; both periods also had medians of 1 day. We have estimated the spatially smoothed incidence risk for the whole outbreak period and identified the existence of a large corridor in the western part of Nigeria and a smaller corridor in south-eastern part, where the risk of HPAI occurrence was lower than in the rest of the country. The effect of HPAI control policies on the outbreaks patterns are discussed, as well as possible reasons why HPAI did not become endemic in Nigeria.

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“…In contrast, a study amongst poultry farms during the 2006-2007 epidemic of HPAIV H5N1 in Nigeria showed that 'problems with rodent pest control' was not a significant contributor to seropositive flocks. In that study, 55% of case farms and 66% of control farms had rodent problems and a major contributory factor for positive flocks was movement of people (Fasina et al 2011).…”

Section: Association Of Rodents With Aiv Outbreaksmentioning

confidence: 87%

The role of rodents in avian influenza outbreaks in poultry farms: a review

Velkers

Blokhuis

Kroeze³

et al. 2017

Veterinary Quarterly

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Wild migratory birds are associated with global avian influenza virus (AIV) spread. Although direct contact with wild birds and contaminated fomites is unlikely in modern non-free range poultry farms applying biosecurity measures, AIV outbreaks still occur. This suggests involvement of other intermediate factors for virus transmission between wild birds and poultry. This review describes current evidence of the potential role of rodents in AIV transmission from wild birds to poultry and between poultry houses. Rodents can be abundant around poultry houses, share their habitat with waterfowl and can readily enter poultry houses. Survival of AIV from waterfowl in poultry house surroundings and on the coat of rodents suggests that rodents are likely to act as mechanical vector. AIVs can replicate in rodents without adaptation, resulting in high viral titres in lungs and nasal turbinates, virus presence in nasal washes and saliva, and transmission to na€ ıve contact animals. Therefore, active AIV shedding by infected rodents may play a role in transmission to poultry. Further field and experimental studies are needed to provide evidence for a role of rodents in AIV epidemiology. Making poultry houses rodent-proof and the immediate surroundings unattractive for rodents are recommended as preventive measures against possible AIV introduction.

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Identification of risk factors associated with highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus infection in poultry farms, in Nigeria during the epidemic of 2006–2007

Cited by 52 publications

References 19 publications

Epidemiological analysis of spatially misaligned data: a case of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus outbreak in Nigeria

Epidemiological analysis of spatially misaligned data: a case of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus outbreak in Nigeria

Incidence of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 in Nigeria, 2005-2008

The role of rodents in avian influenza outbreaks in poultry farms: a review

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