Identification of spathulenol in Salvia mirzayanii and the immunomodulatory effects

Abstract

The methanol extract of Salvia mirzayanii has shown an immunomodulatory effect on peripheral blood lymphocytes. Bioassay-guided fractionation using a lymphocyte proliferation assay on Salvia mirzayanii was performed in order to purify and identify the active compounds. Fractionation of the methanol extract and purification of the components using normal column chromatography and preparative thin layer chromatography resulted in identification of the bioactive compound, spathulenol, with an immunoinhibitory effect. Identification of this compound was performed by 1D and 2D NMR methods and HRMS. Treatment of activated lymphocytes with a concentrated fraction containing 62% of spathulenol (SP) showed a decrease in the proliferation of lymphocytes with an IC(50) of 85.4 ± 11.08 µg/mL. Flow cytometry analysis using annexin V and propidium iodide staining of the stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes in the presence of SP demonstrated a dose dependent increase in the percentage of apoptotic cells (IC(50) ; 77.2 ± 5.31 µg/mL). No significant increase in caspase 3 activity in a 20 h treatment of stimulated lymphocytes compared with the control was observed. In conclusion, this study identified the possible activity of spathulenol as one of the immunomodulatory compounds present in Salvia mirzayanii. SP showed the capacity to inhibit proliferation in the lymphocytes and to induce apoptosis in these cells possibly through a caspase-3 independent pathway.

Chemical composition, antibacterial and modulatory action of the essential oil of Croton rhamnifolioides leaves Pax and Hoffman

“…Some compounds found in the essential oil of the Croton rhamnifolioides leaves are also found in various species of the Croton genus and possess scientifically proven biological activities. For example, spathulenol was majorly presented in Croton argyrophylloides demonstrating anticancer, immunomodulatory (ZIAEI et al, 2011), antibacterial (ALCÂNTARA et al, 2010, antiinflammatory and antioxidant activity (RAMOS et al, 2013). 1,8-cineol has also presented as a major compound of the essential oil of Hyptis martiusii, presenting gastro-protective activity (CALDAS et al, 2011).…”

Scutia buxifolia Reissek essential oil: in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities

“…Sesquiterpenoids spathulenol, β-cubebene, germacrene D and carvacrol were the main components identified in this essential oil and may be responsible, in part, for the antimicrobial activity described, since spathulenol (Chinou et al 2004) and carvacrol (Burt 2004) have been reported to present notable antimicrobial activity against bacterial infections. Spathulenol also showed a decrease in the proliferation of lymphocytes demonstrating immunomodulatory effects (Ziaei et al 2011).…”

Chemical composition and biological activities ofEruca vesicariasubsp. longirostrisessential oils

“…Studies have demonstrated beneficial properties of essential oils in the prevention and treatment of cancer, cardiovascular diseases including atherosclerosis and thrombosis, as well as their bioactivity such as antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidants, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory agents, local anaesthetic and immunomodulatory (Passos et al 2007;Nazemiyeh et al 2011;Ziaei et al 2011).…”