Identification of tire leachate toxicants and a risk assessment of water quality effects using tire reefs in canals

Nelson, S. Mark; Mueller, Gordon; Hemphill, D. C.

doi:10.1007/bf00194146

Cited by 65 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 5 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Zinc has been identified as an agent causing toxicity in several studies (Gualtieri et al 2005b;Nelson et al 1994;), although the release of zinc from TP has been shown to vary based on surface area (particle size), loading rates, and extraction conditions (Gualtieri et al 2005b). While zinc can be leached from TP in the laboratory, under real world conditions, the presence of TP in a soil or sediment matrix increases the pH, which significantly hinders the leaching of Zn and movement into the pore water (Smolders and Degryse 2002;European Commission 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute aquatic toxicity of tire and road wear particles to alga, daphnid, and fish

Marwood¹,

et al. 2011

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Previous studies have indicated that tire tread particles are toxic to aquatic species, but few studies have evaluated the toxicity of such particles using sediment, the likely reservoir of tire wear particles in the environment. In this study, the acute toxicity of tire and road wear particles (TRWP) was assessed in Pseudokirchneriella subcapita, Daphnia magna, and Pimephales promelas using a sediment elutriate (100, 500, 1000 or 10000 mg/l TRWP). Under standard test temperature conditions, no concentration response was observed and EC/LC(50) values were greater than 10,000 mg/l. Additional tests using D. magna were performed both with and without sediment in elutriates collected under heated conditions designed to promote the release of chemicals from the rubber matrix to understand what environmental factors may influence the toxicity of TRWP. Toxicity was only observed for elutriates generated from TRWP leached under high-temperature conditions and the lowest EC/LC(50) value was 5,000 mg/l. In an effort to identify potential toxic chemical constituent(s) in the heated leachates, toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) studies and chemical analysis of the leachate were conducted. The TIE coupled with chemical analysis (liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry [LC/MS/MS] and inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometry [ICP/MS]) of the leachate identified zinc and aniline as candidate toxicants. However, based on the high EC/LC(50) values and the limited conditions under which toxicity was observed, TRWP should be considered a low risk to aquatic ecosystems under acute exposure scenarios.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute aquatic toxicity of tire and road wear particles to alga, daphnid, and fish

Marwood¹,

et al. 2011

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The reference sample contained zinc oxide (at a concentration of 1.28%, which is similar to the zinc content in tires), and previous studies have shown water extracts of shredded rubber/tire wear material to contain high concentrations of zinc (Anthony et al, 1995;Gualtieri, 2005;Wik and Dave, 2006). Zinc has also been shown to be the main reason for toxicity to Ceriodaphnia dubia (Nelson et al, 1994). Therefore, it is probable that zinc caused the observed toxicity of the reference sample.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Attempts made so far to identify the components causing the toxicity of rubber leachates have focused on chemical fractionation and characterization followed by toxicity testing of different fractions. Toxicity identification evaluations of leachates from tire plugs leached in deionized water have indicated that zinc was the main cause of toxicity to Ceriodaphnia dubia (Nelson et al, 1994). Microtox toxicity was caused by several organic compounds spread through a range of polarities (Anthony et al, 1995).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxic components leaching from tire rubber

Wik

2007

Bull Environ Contam Toxicol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Tire rubber is a complex mixture of a variety of chemicals, e.g., rubber polymers, carbon blacks, silicas, process and extender oils, vulcanization chemicals, and chemical antidegradents ( Barbin and Rodgers, 1994). Leachates of tire rubber are toxic to a range of aquatic organisms; see for example the review by Evans (1997). Attempts made so far to identify the components causing the toxicity of rubber leachates have focused on chemical fractionation and characterization followed by toxicity testing of different fractions. Toxicity identification evaluations of leachates from tire plugs leached in deionized water have indicated that zinc was the main cause of toxicity to Ceriodaphnia dubia (Nelson et al., 1994). Microtox toxicity was caused by several organic compounds spread through a range of polarities (Anthony et al., 1995). A toxicity identification evaluation on leachates obtained from tire wear material leached in reconstituted water (pH 8, hardness 250 mg/L as CaC0 3 ), identified nonpolar organic compounds as the main cause of toxicity to Daphnia magna (Wik and Dave, 2006). In this previous study, we also found large differences in toxicity between different tires, which implies that the environmental impact of tire wear can be effectively reduced through rubber formulation if the most toxic components are identified.The aim of this study was to identify the components in tire rubber that are toxic to Daphnia magna, using a novel approach. Rubber formulations containing different additives were produced, and water leachates from the rubber samples were prepared and tested for toxicity using a standardized toxicity test. The main objective of this study was therefore to assess the toxicity to Daphnia magna of different rubber formulations in order to identify the most toxic tire leachate components. Materials and MethodsAll rubber samples were prepared as sheets by a tire manufacturer. A typical summer tire tread compound formula containing a minimum of components needed to make cured (vulcanized) rubber was prepared as a reference sample (sample 1). Twenty-one samples were then prepared by adding different additives to the reference formulation. Different process and extender oils were added to five samples (samples 2-6), different types of antidegradents (antioxidants and antiozonants) to six samples (samples 7-12), different types of vulcanization accelerators to six samples (samples 13-18), and different fillers/ reinforcing agents to four samples (samples 19-22). Table 1 shows the formulations of the different rubber samples. The rubber sheets were mailed to our laboratory immediately after preparation, leachates of the samples were prepared and toxicity tests performed in six test runs (samples 2-5, 6-9, 10-12, 13-15, 16-18, and 19-22). Rubber from each sample was cut into pieces of approximately 2 · 2 · 2 mm and various amounts of the rubber were then placed in 50-mL Petri dishes and diluted with reconstituted water according to ISO (1996), with a hardness of 250 mg/L as CaCO 3 and pH 8.0, to give...

show abstract

“…However, tires hold water-soluble components that percolate out into groundwater and are toxic to aquatic organisms. [3][4][5] Waste tires are diffi cult to ignite. Once ignited, however, tires will burn at a tremendously high temperature and are very diffi cult to extinguish.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of microsilica addition on compressive strength of rubberized concrete at elevated temperatures

Al-Mutairi

AlRukaibi

Bufarsan

2010

J Mater Cycles Waste Manag

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

An experimental investigation was carried out to study the effects of various percentages of fi ne/coarse tire waste and microsilica at various temperatures on the compressive strength of concrete. The compressive strength of concrete mixtures made with tire rubber was assessed statistically with those of concrete containing microsilica and conventional concretes in order to evaluate the usefulness of recycling rubber waste as a component of concrete.Results confi rmed that the recipe and processing temperature of concrete cubes infl uence the compressive strength values. Generally, the use of microsilica or fi ne rubber mixed with microsilica as aggregate replacement of 5% by volume improved the compressive strength of concrete processed at a temperature of 150°C. The addition of coarse rubber did not achieve any increase in strength when used as an aggregate replacement at any percentage. Moreover, the reductions in the compressive strength of concrete mixes at higher temperatures were much smaller for the fi ne rubber with 5 vol% microsilica than those for control and coarse rubber mixes. The specimens made with fi ne rubber and 5 vol% microsilica at elevated temperatures above 400°C appeared to show very similar compressive strength values. The use of fi ne rubber in building construction could help save energy and reduce costs and solve the solid waste disposal problem posed by this type of waste.

show abstract

Identification of tire leachate toxicants and a risk assessment of water quality effects using tire reefs in canals

Cited by 65 publications

References 5 publications

Acute aquatic toxicity of tire and road wear particles to alga, daphnid, and fish

Acute aquatic toxicity of tire and road wear particles to alga, daphnid, and fish

Toxic components leaching from tire rubber

Effect of microsilica addition on compressive strength of rubberized concrete at elevated temperatures

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About