The problem of odor in water has become one of the most concerned issues of the public. The odor emitted from water will not only lead to deterioration of water quality, but also increase the cost of water treatment, which will have an adverse impact on the ecological environment. This paper takes the Doushui Lake water area as an example to study the odor detection and microbial identification methods by combining Sensory-GC with GC/MS, the research results show that: the water body of the Doushui Lake has a variety of odors, mainly grassy smell, musty smell, earthy smell, pungent smell, liquorice smell and burnt smell. There are four main substances, TCA, Geosmin, β-Cyclocitral and α-Cedrol, and their highest concentrations reach 124 ng/L, 97 ng/L, 43 ng/L and 48 ng/L, respectively. The decomposition of algae by microorganisms produces volatile gas compounds, mainly are dimethyl disulfide and dimethyl tetra sulfide. In the decomposition process, the contents of these two compounds both increase first and decrease later.