Identifikasi Sifat Fisiko Kimia Minyak Pala Daratan Dan Kepulauan Di Sulawesi Utara

Abstract

Luas areal dan produksi pala di kepulauan di Sulawesi Utara paling banyak terdapat di kepulauan Sitaro, Talaud dan Sangihe dan untuk daratan di kabupaten Minahasa Utara, Minahasa dan Minahasa Tenggara. Pala yang dihasilkan dari kepulauan dan daratan yang ada di Sulawesi Utara umumnya diperdagangkan dalam bentuk biji dan fuli. Untuk mendapatkan mutu minyak pala yang baik dipengaruhi oleh jenis pala, agroklimat lokasi penanaman, umur panen dan teknik penyulingan dalam mendapat minyak pala. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui rendemen minyak pala serta mengidentifikasi sifat fisiko kimia dari minyak pala kepulauan dan daratan di Sulawesi Utara. Penelitian menggunakan metode deskriptif dan dilakukan dalam 2 tahap yaitu menyuling pala untuk mendapatkan minyaknya dan minyak hasil penyulingan diidentifikasi sifat fisiko kimianya. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa rendemen minyak pala kepulauan berkisar 4,89-5,11% dan pala daratan 4,08-5,01%. Komponen kimia αpinen, β-pinen, limonene, linolool, miristisin pada minyak pala daratan dan kepulauan di Sulawesi Utara memiliki presentase yang berbeda. Kadar miristisin dari minyak pala yang ada di Sulawesi Utara kepulauan berkisar 13,43-16,75% dan daratan berkisar 11,52-13,54%. Kadar miristisin tersebut lebih tinggi dari yang dipersyaratkan SNI 06-238-2006 yaitu minimal 10%.

Physico-chemical Properties of Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans houtt) of North Sulawesi Nutmeg

“…The nutmeg oil that was obtained yield as distillation results were 2.41% and 3.66% respectively for the seeds and the mace. These yields were confirmed a work on the dry seeds of the North Sulawesi Islands (Sangihe, Talaud and Siau) and the North Sulawesi mainland (Minahasa Utara, Minahasa Tenggara and Minahasa Induk) where the results not far off with what was obtained in this research where the seeds of the off shore islands of North Sulawesi mainly 4.89-5.11% were about while the on the mainland are about 4.08-5.01% [22]. The highest yield destillated from the islands of Siau were 5.11% and the lowest were from Southwest Minahasa (4.08%).…”

“…In regards with the density of the nutmeg oils, Tabel 1 exhibited densities of the oil extracted from the nutmeg's mace originating from Talaud and North Minahasa that was measured at 25 0 C were 0.9459 and 0.9538 (respectively), while the density for the oils from the seeds of Talaud and North Minahasa were 0.9099 and 0.9230. In comparison with previous research on nutmeg off the of shore islands and mainland North Sulawesi (Table 2), on Banda Nutmeg, on Papua Nutmeg, and according Standar Nasional Indonesia (Tabel 3) all appeared that the density of oil from the various parts of the nutmeg fruit are greater than the standard that was by SNI (0,880-0,910) [22,26]. Density of nutmeg oil Talaud and North Minahasa was similar the density of nutmegs from Banda and Papua, while the density of nutmeg of offshore and mainland of North Sulawesi are between 0.860-0.883 which are mainly from Sangihe and Siau.…”

“…The refractive indexes are a comparison of the speed of light in the air and in a material at a certain temperature [22]. The results this research indicated in terms of refractive indexes are 1.4909 for the oil originating from mace of nutmegs of Talaud and 1.4934 of North Minahasa, while from the seeds are 1.4807 from Talaud and 1.4834 for North Minahasa.…”

“…The refractive index of oil from the mace of the nutmeg of Papua, North Sulawesi, and Banda are due to the presences of high amounts of myristicin, susafrole and terpineol. These compounds are known to have long molecular chains and to have more hydroxyl groups, meanwhile, the more long chained components like sesquiterpene or components with oxygen groups that are destilled along, the presences of medium sized components will also be more and thus it will be more difficult to refract light that will cause a higher refractive index [22,29].…”

“…Compounds such as oxygenated terpene, α-terpineol and terpinen-4-ol are mainly found within the nutmeg oil of the flesh. Oxygenated terpen containing oil would be more soluble in ethanol then terpen containing oils, thus the higher the terpen concentration the lower the solubility because un-oxygenated terpen are non-polar compounds with no functional groups [22]. Science advancements in this field have moved to a more concentrated focus of the bio activity of the components of nutmeg, such as the antioxidant capacities and the antimicrobial activities of the macelignans, a bioactive compound that was isolated and studied on its inhibitory activities against vegetative cells of Bacillus cereus [32].…”