Identifying and Treating Race‐Based Trauma in Counseling

Hemmings, Carrie; Evans, Amanda

doi:10.1002/jmcd.12090

Cited by 46 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 86 publications

(180 reference statements)

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“…Counselors should be prepared to address racial discrimination in counseling, yet training to that end may be inconsistent. Indeed, Hemmings and Evans ( 2018 ) found that only 18.9% of the counselors in their sample received training related to addressing race-based trauma in clinical work. Along with utilizing culturally appropriate clinical interventions and techniques, counselors should be familiar with advocacy competencies (Toporek et al 2009 ) and guidelines (World Health Organization 2003 ) in order to effectively advocate with and on behalf of their clients of color.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, given the prevalence of race-based traumatic stress, it is likely that counselors will hear client reports of this specific type of trauma from their clients. Indeed, in the study of 106 mental health and school counselors in the United States, Hemmings and Evans ( 2018 ) found that 70.8% of the sample reported working with clients with race-based trauma. Given the risk for secondary traumatic stress and burnout among counselors exposed to clients’ accounts of trauma, it is important to assess whether reports of race-based traumatic stress carry the same risk.…”

Section: Race-based Traumatic Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Examining Secondary Trauma as a Result of Clients’ Reports of Discrimination

Giordano

Gorritz

Kilpatrick

et al. 2020

Int J Adv Counselling

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In the current study, we examined the extent to which 86 American clinicians heard reports of discrimination from their clients of color. Findings indicated that 96.5% of clinicians heard at least one report of discrimination from clients of color at least occasionally in counseling. The acts of discrimination most frequently reported by clients of color were: a) being made to feel like outsiders, b) treated unfairly by coworkers and classmates, and c) treated unfairly by teachers and principals. Additionally, we investigated the predictive nature of reports of discrimination from clients of color on clinicians' compassion satisfaction, burnout, and secondary traumatic stress. The three predictor variables (clinicians' age, years counseling, and clients of color's reports of discrimination) did not significantly predict compassion satisfaction or burnout, yet significantly predicted secondary traumatic stress. These results revealed that as reports of discrimination from clients of color increased, so too did clinicians' secondary traumatic stress.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Race-based Traumatic Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examining Secondary Trauma as a Result of Clients’ Reports of Discrimination

Giordano

Gorritz

Kilpatrick

et al. 2020

Int J Adv Counselling

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“…Given the high rates of discrimination experienced by African Americans, many may feel hopeless in finding a clinician who understands these issues or finding relief from the mental health sequalae of racism. Indeed, few clinicians are trained or equipped to treat racial trauma (Hemmings & Evans, 2018).…”

Section: Access and Barriers To Carementioning

confidence: 99%

Ketamine-Assisted Psychotherapy for PTSD Related to Racial Discrimination

Halstead¹,

Reed²,

Krause

et al. 2021

Clinical Case Studies

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Current research suggests that ketamine-assisted psychotherapy has benefit for the treatment of mental disorders. We report on the results of ketamine-assisted intensive outpatient psychotherapeutic treatment of a client with treatment-resistant, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as a result of experiences of racism and childhood sexual abuse. The client’s presenting symptoms included hypervigilance, social avoidance, feelings of hopelessness, and intense recollections. These symptoms impacted all areas of daily functioning. Psychoeducation was provided on how untreated intergenerational trauma, compounded by additional traumatic experiences, potentiated the client’s experience of PTSD and subsequent maladaptive coping mechanisms. Ketamine was administered four times over a 13-day span as an off-label, adjunct to psychotherapy. Therapeutic interventions and orientations utilized were mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) and functional analytic psychotherapy (FAP). New skills were obtained in helping the client respond effectively to negative self-talk, catastrophic thinking, and feelings of helplessness. Treatment led to a significant reduction in symptoms after completion of the program, with gains maintained 4 months post-treatment. This case study demonstrates the effective use of ketamine as an adjunct to psychotherapy in treatment-resistant PTSD.

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“…First, ongoing assessment of perceived discrimination as a psychosocial stressor and dissemination of culturally-relevant mental health resources are important for clinical practice with Latinxs (cf. Hemmings and Evans, 2018). Drawing from race-based trauma approaches (Hemmings and Evans, 2018), targeting the role of perceived personal discrimination and developing coping strategies may effectively help to reduce depression symptoms (Carter, 2007) and the risk of poor physical HRQoL.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hemmings and Evans, 2018). Drawing from race-based trauma approaches (Hemmings and Evans, 2018), targeting the role of perceived personal discrimination and developing coping strategies may effectively help to reduce depression symptoms (Carter, 2007) and the risk of poor physical HRQoL. Fortunately, trauma-informed mental health interventions targeting depression symptoms at primary care clinics have been found feasible and acceptable among Latinxs (Kaltman et al, 2016).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceived discrimination and physical health-related quality of life: The Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) Sociocultural Ancillary Study

Molina

Estrella

Durazo‐Arvizu

et al. 2019

Social Science & Medicine

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Rationale: The aim of this study was to examine the direct associations of perceived personal and group discrimination with physical health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among Latinx adults. We also tested whether ethnic identity and depression symptoms sequentially mediate these associations. Method: This population-based study included 5313 Latinx adults, ages 18–74 years, from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (2008–11) and its Sociocultural Ancillary Study (2010–11). Participants were recruited from the Bronx; NY; Chicago, IL; Miami, FL; and San Diego, CA. Self-reported perceived personal and group discrimination, ethnic identity, depression symptoms, and physical HRQoL were ascertained through interviewer-administered surveys. Survey-weighted path analysis was used to examine direct and indirect effects simultaneously in one analytic model controlling for demographic covariates. Results: Path analysis indicated that higher perceived personal discrimination was directly associated with poorer physical HRQoL and this association was only mediated by depression symptoms. In contrast, perceived group discrimination was not directly associated with physical HRQoL. However, each of the direct paths linking perceived group discrimination to physical HRQoL were statistically significant: perceived group discrimination was positively associated with ethnic identity, and ethnic identity was negatively associated with depression symptoms, and, in turn, depression symptoms were negatively associated with physical HRQoL. Our model accounted for 18% of the variance of physical HRQoL. Conclusions: Perceived personal and group discrimination are differently associated with physical HRQoL. Results highlight the importance of considering self-perceptions of different discrimination forms when evaluating its impact on the physical HRQoL of Latinx adults.

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Identifying and Treating Race‐Based Trauma in Counseling

Cited by 46 publications

References 86 publications

Examining Secondary Trauma as a Result of Clients’ Reports of Discrimination

Examining Secondary Trauma as a Result of Clients’ Reports of Discrimination

Ketamine-Assisted Psychotherapy for PTSD Related to Racial Discrimination

Perceived discrimination and physical health-related quality of life: The Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) Sociocultural Ancillary Study

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