Identifying asymptomatic Leishmania infections in non-endemic villages in Gedaref state, Sudan.

Abstract

Objectives: Infection with the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) may be either symptomatic or asymptomatic. In this study we aimed at investigating the prevalence of asymptomatic infections of leishmania in non-endemic villages in Gedaref state, Sudan. A descriptive cross-sectional study conducted during September and October 2014. Blood samples were collected for serological and molecular analysis. Sticky-traps, knockdown spray and CDC-miniature light traps were used for the collection of sandflies. Results: Ninety-Five participants were included; 52 from Abukishma, 15 Algadamblia Tirfa, 25 Abualnaja and 3 were from Algadamblia Aljabal . Females constituted 56 (58.9%) of the study participants while males were 39 (41.1%). The most frequent age group was >40-years (54.7%). Balanites/Acacia trees were the most planted tree inside the houses; 78 (82.1%). Also, 85 (89.5%) of the participants breed animals inside the house. DAT test revealed 5 positive participants (5.2%). 4/5 DAT positive were past VL infection. PCR detected 35 (36.8%) positive participants. A total of 31/35 was considered asymptomatic infections based on PCR. Households planted Balanites/Acacia trees or breed domestic animals were found in high percentages with L. donovani PCR positive participants (60.1%, 91.4%). No statistically significant was found for VL associated risk factors and VL asymptomatic participants.

Retracted: Clinical Characteristics and Risk Factors Associated with Severe Disease Progression among COVID‐19 Patients In Wad Medani Isolation Centers: A Multicenter Retrospective Cross‐Sectional Study

“…Dengue fever is located in the west of Sudan, while Chikungunya is found in the east. [30][31][32][33] Other COVID-19 coinfections, such as dengue fever, have been documented in the literature. Dengue and COVID-19 coinfection has been documented in Asia.…”

“…Sudan is endemic with malaria, onchocerciasis, leishmaniasis, and zoonotic arboviral infections. Dengue fever is located in the west of Sudan, while Chikungunya is found in the east 30–33 . Other COVID‐19 coinfections, such as dengue fever, have been documented in the literature.…”

Studies of host preferences of wild-caught Phlebotomus orientalis and Ph. papatasi vectors of leishmaniasis in Sudan

“…Leishmania DNA was detected among blood-fed sand fly vectors using the method of [ 57 ]. The primers 18S-LEISH forward: and 18S-LEISH reverse: (Macrogen Inc. Korea), were used to amplify DNA amplicon of 357bp within the 18S rRNA gene of Le .…”

“…PCR was performed in 25μl reaction volume using Maxime PCR premix (iNtRON Biotechnology Inc., South Korea) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Cycling conditions were done with minor modification from previous report [ 57 ]; an initial denaturation at 95°C for 2 min, 30 cycles of denaturation at 95°C for 30 second, annealing at 59.3°C for 30 seconds, extension at 72°C for 40 second, and a final extension at 72°C for 5 min. One negative PCR control and positive control of Le .…”