“…Fortunately, automated procedures for gathering unstructured data are becoming more accessible. For example, supervised machine learning methods such as artificial neural networks (Juan, Hsu, & Xie, 2017;Timoshenko & Hauser, 2019), k-Nearest Neighbors (Dzyabura, Jagabathula, & Muller, 2019), naive Bayes (Hartmann et al, 2019), and random forests (Hoornaert, Ballings, Malthouse, & Van den Poel, 2017) inductively classify textual input based on observed patterns without the requirement of manually coded rules from the researcher (Dumais, Platt, Heckerman, & Sahami, 1998). Image classification approaches that have recently made their way into marketer's toolboxes include the use of openly available computer vision packages such as Google's Cloud Vision API, Microsoft's Computer Vision API, OpenCV, Amazon's Rekognition, and IBM's Watson Visual Recognition (Mazloom, Rietveld, Rudinac, Worring, & Van Dolen, 2016).…”