“…In recent years, this framework has been used by Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) researchers, who are trying to understand student learning not only in the classroom but also in online learning spaces. For example, Hasio and coauthors have used the ICAP framework to analyze discussion forum posts on online programming discussion forums 5 . In a previous study on student learning in a blended-learning MOOC, we used this framework to classify student activities and behaviors into all four categories 6 .…”