Identity and well-being of ethnic minority and mainstream adolescents in Bulgaria

Abstract

<B>Background</b><br /> We study identity in the context of long-term sedentary groups in Eastern Europe in contrast to the frequently studied short-term immigrants in typical Western European or US American contexts. This paper provides a novel approach to youth identity in an Eastern European post-communist context for minority groups that are quite distinct from the mainstream group to advance the study of identity. Turkish-Bulgarians and Muslim-Bulgarians have been subjected to extensive assimilation campaigns, which prompted them to carefully negotiate their ethnic identity and sense of belonging.<br /> <br /> <B>Participants and procedure</b><br /> Participants were 366 adolescents aged 16 to 18 years (M = 16.72, SD = 0.71) from South Central and South Western regions of Bulgaria. This sample included Turkish-Bulgarian (n = 145), Muslim-Bulgarian (n = 85), and (mainstream) Bulgarian (n = 136) youth who provided data on personal, ethnic, familial, and religious identity as well as psychological well-being.<br /> <br /> <b>Results</b><br /> Turkish-Bulgarian youth scored higher on achievement, diffusion, and foreclosure but lower on moratorium and Bulgarian ethnic and familial identity than Muslim-Bulgarian and Bulgarian youth. Bulgarian mainstreamers scored significantly lower on religious identity compared to their Turkish-Bulgarian and Muslim-Bulgarian peers. Finally, Bulgarian mainstream identity significantly predicted well-being of youth from all groups, independent of their ethnic background.<br /> <br /> <B>Conclusions</b><br /> A strong ethnic and familial identity results in beneficial psychological outcomes for youth, even in the face of adversity and assimilation.

Ethnic identities of immigrant and native adolescents: development and relationship to life satisfaction

“…Our data confirmed the identity status model proposed by Marcia (1966) and founded in previous research about ethnic identity (Dimitrova, Chasiotis, Bender, & van de Vijver, 2017;Douglass & Umaña-Taylor, 2017;Yip, 2014). The results of this study confirm that immigrants more often have an achieved ethnic identity than non-immigrants (H3), coincident with previous research (Douglass & Umaña-Taylor, 2017;Kiang & Fuligni, 2009).…”

When out-groups are perceived as out of place: urban disorder sensitivity and environmental distance

“…Overgeneralization and ‘symbolic transfer’ lead to stereotyping and cognitive laziness. Refugees and immigrants are often victims of stereotyping ( Bradley-Geist & Schmidtke, 2018 ; Dimitrova et al, 2017 ; Murašovs et al, 2016 ; Riyadi & Widhiasti, 2020 ). People’s resistance to change in the urban environment may become apparent when the public space becomes occupied by unexpected people, which can violate the safe and predictable physical world of an individual and thus cause anxiety and disrupt the feeling of comfort in the physical world that comes from routines ( Burris & Rempel, 2004 ).…”