Identity‐based hate and violence as trauma: Current research, clinical implications, and advocacy in a globally connected world

Allwood, Maureen A.; Ghafoori, Bita; Salgado, Carolina Martínez; Slobodin, Ortal; Kreither, Johanna; Waelde, Lynn C.; Larrondo, Paulina; Ramos, Nadia

doi:10.1002/jts.22748

Cited by 11 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…These adverse experiences, which may also be influenced by racialized gender stereotypes of hyperaggression, incompetence, and inferiority, shape students’ engagement and identification within higher education spaces (Durkee et al, 2021; Jacob et al, 2021; Vaccaro et al, 2019). Coupled with a contentious political climate following the 2016 U.S. presidential election (Tamene et al, 2017), the growing disproportionate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic (Tai et al, 2022), and increasing public incidents of racial hate (Allwood et al, 2022), there are numerous ways that racial microaggressions may impede the academic success of racial minority college students, especially within PWIs.…”

Section: Ipmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impostor phenomenon among Black undergraduates: Contributions of microaggressions, gender, and school belonging.

Perkins,

Durkee

2024

Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology

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Objectives: Racial microaggressions at predominantly White institutions (PWIs) are a major concern for Black undergraduates because these experiences evoke feelings of "otherness" and may contribute to growing impostor phenomenon beliefs (IP)-feelings of intellectual fraudulence where people question their academic abilities. School belonging (i.e., a sense of connection to one's academic institution) may be an important mediating factor that explains how racial microaggressions contribute to greater IP over time. Furthermore, these effects may be distinct for Black men and women, given their unique experiences at PWIs. Method: The current longitudinal study utilizes moderated-mediation analyses to examine these effects among 269 Black undergraduates (M age = 19.71, SD = 2.36, 72% female) over a full academic year at a PWI. Results: Findings indicate that racial microaggressions indirectly predicted increased IP over a 1-year period through a negative association with schools belonging to Black men but not for Black women. Conclusions: These findings highlight the importance of gender and school belonging when examining how racial stressors contribute to changes in IP beliefs. Implications for theory and policy recommendations for educators and stakeholders are discussed. Public Significance StatementThe impostor phenomenon is a maladaptive cognitive process that impacts many college students. However, little is known about the implications of racial microaggressions, school belonging, and gender for impostor phenomenon development among Black undergraduates. The present study sampled Black undergraduates at a predominantly White university and found that experiences of racial microaggressions were indirectly related to greater IP beliefs 1 year later for Black male, but not Black female, undergraduates.

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Section: Ipmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impostor phenomenon among Black undergraduates: Contributions of microaggressions, gender, and school belonging.

Perkins,

Durkee

2024

Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology

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“…Within criminal justice and legal research, topics such as attitudes toward hate crime laws (Johnson & Byers, 2003), blame attribution in hate crime punishments (Cramer et al, 2013(Cramer et al, , 2014, and perceptions of hate crime perpetrators (Gamblin et al, 2021;Marcus-Newhall et al, 2002) have been explored. Psychological research has investigated links of HMB with psychological distress (e.g., Allwood et al, 2022;Burks et al, 2018). Hate crimes have also been examined in the wake of historical events, such as 9/11 (Disha et al, 2011;Hanes & Machin, 2014).…”

Section: Hmb Research and Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Psychometric Investigation of the Hate-Motivated Behavior Checklist

Cramer

Cacace

Sorby

et al. 2022

J Interpers Violence

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Hate-motivated behavior (HMB) comprises a continuum ranging from microaggressions to criminal acts. The measurement of HMB is limited primarily to one or two minoritized groups in any given instrument. Current HMB research also lacks a way to assess the full range of acts and motivations for bias-based behavior. The present study fills gaps in HMB measurement by conducting a psychometric study of the Hate-Motivated Behavior Checklist (HMBC). The HMBC is a self-report instrument of HMB perpetration; the instrument also has sections capturing victim target group (e.g. race, sexual orientation, disability) and perpetrator motivation for HMB commission (e.g., perceived threat, impulsivity). We conducted an online cross-sectional survey of community-dwelling adults and college students ( N = 463). Measures assessed demographic information, HMB, and social-political characteristics. Confirmatory factor analysis, item response theory analyses, between-groups analyses (e.g., Analysis of Variance), and descriptive statistics were used to examine HMBC properties. Primary findings included (1) poor model fit of the HMBC behaviors score; (2) good model fit with high reliability for an HMBC behaviors score adapted to binary (no/yes) scoring; (3) men reported meaningfully higher HMB scores compared to women; (4) the most common target classification for HMB was based on political affiliation; and (5) perceived intrusion was the most cited reason for committing HMB. Our findings are an important step in refining the HMBC. The instrument represents a potentially useful tool for HMB research, surveillance, and intervention evaluation. Future directions in HMBC research include application to extremist and criminal samples, replication and extension of the binary scoring to include cut-score derivation, and validation against behavioral outcomes.

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“…Bigoted violence and harassment against ethnic, religious, sexual, and other minorities cause victims physical and psychological trauma and can have other harmful consequences. For example, due to fears of experiencing hate crime, members of victimized groups avoid moving to certain neighborhoods or bypass job opportunities, thereby entrenching spatial and economic segregation ( 5 , 6 ). In light of these severe repercussions, many democracies have enacted laws that aim to punish and deter bias-motivated crime ( 7 ).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Hate crime supporters are found across age, gender, and income groups and are susceptible to violent political appeals

Dancygier

2023

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Hate crime is a pervasive problem across societies. Though perpetrators represent a small share of the population, their actions continue in part because they enjoy community support. But we know very little about this wider community of support; existing surveys do not measure whether citizens approve of hate crime. Focusing on Germany, where antiminority violence is entrenched, this paper uses original surveys to provide systematic evidence on the nature and impacts of hate crime support. Employing direct and indirect measures, I find that significant shares of the population support antirefugee hate crime and that the profile of supporters is broad, going much beyond common perpetrator types. I next use a candidate choice experiment to show that this support has disturbing political consequences: among radical right voters, hate crime supporters prefer candidates who endorse using gun violence against refugees. I conclude that a significant number of citizens empower potential perpetrators from the bottom–up and further legitimize hate crime from the top–down by championing violence-promoting political elites.

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Identity‐based hate and violence as trauma: Current research, clinical implications, and advocacy in a globally connected world

Cited by 11 publications

References 69 publications

Impostor phenomenon among Black undergraduates: Contributions of microaggressions, gender, and school belonging.

Impostor phenomenon among Black undergraduates: Contributions of microaggressions, gender, and school belonging.

A Psychometric Investigation of the Hate-Motivated Behavior Checklist

Hate crime supporters are found across age, gender, and income groups and are susceptible to violent political appeals

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