IEEE 802.15.4 Now and Then: Evolution of the LR-WPAN Standard

Ramonet, Alberto Gallegos; Noguchi, Taku

doi:10.23919/icact48636.2020.9061514

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Measures were taken to prevent optimal communication in the testing scenario, therefore when later improvements may be required, changing these initial parameters potentially data link performance to be achieved: For 2.4 GHz IEE 802.15.4, the eleventh transmission channel was selected; this does not exclude WiFi interference, which can be obtained by selecting channels 15, 16, 21, and 22 for Europe or 15, 20, 25, and 26 for North America [ 51 ]. Both data rates are set to 150 kbps in the 868 MHz band and 250 kbps in the 2.4 GHz band, the top level outlined in IEEE 802.15.4 [ 52 ]; it is well known that a high data rate reduces RF ranges. The RF buried test is set on wet soil instead of tarmac, the water concentration in the material around the RF sensor being an important attenuation factor as specified in [ 53 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Buried RF Sensors for Smart Road Infrastructure: Empirical Communication Range Testing, Propagation by Line of Sight, Diffraction and Reflection Model and Technology Comparison for 868 MHz–2.4 GHz

Marsic

Faramehr

Fleming

et al. 2023

Sensors

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Updating the road infrastructure requires the potential mass adoption of the road studs currently used in car detection, speed monitoring, and path marking. Road studs commonly include RF transceivers connecting the buried sensors to an offsite base station for centralized data management. Since traffic monitoring experiments through buried sensors are resource expensive and difficult, the literature detailing it is insufficient and inaccessible due to various strategic reasons. Moreover, as the main RF frequencies adopted for stud communication are either 868/915 MHz or 2.4 GHz, the radio coverage differs, and it is not readily predictable due to the low-power communication in the near proximity of the ground. This work delivers a reference study on low-power RF communication ranging for the two above frequencies up to 60 m. The experimental setup employs successive measurements and repositioning of a base station at three different heights of 0.5, 1 and 1.5 m, and is accompanied by an extensive theoretical analysis of propagation, including line of sight, diffraction, and wall reflection. Enhancing the tutorial value of this work, a correlation analysis using Pearson’s coefficient and root mean square error is performed between the field test and simulation results.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both data rates are set to 150 kbps in the 868 MHz band and 250 kbps in the 2.4 GHz band, the top level outlined in IEEE 802.15.4 [ 52 ]; it is well known that a high data rate reduces RF ranges.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Buried RF Sensors for Smart Road Infrastructure: Empirical Communication Range Testing, Propagation by Line of Sight, Diffraction and Reflection Model and Technology Comparison for 868 MHz–2.4 GHz

Marsic

Faramehr

Fleming

et al. 2023

Sensors

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“…Deterministic and Synchronous Multi-channel Extension (DSME), Low Latency and Deterministic Network (LLDN), and Time-Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) [8], [9], defined in the IEEE 802.15.4 standard, are MAC behaviors guaranteeing low and deterministic latency. They all involve approaches based on Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), and devices synchronize their behaviors by using periodic beacon signals.…”

Section: Introduction a Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Demonstration of Delay-Bounded Wireless Network Based on Precise Time Synchronization

et al. 2022

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Low latency and reliable information transfer are highly demanded in fifth generation (5G) and beyond 5G wireless communications. A novel delay-bounded wireless media access control (MAC) protocol called Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Arbitration Point (CSMA/AP) was established to strictly ensure the upper boundary of communication delay. CSMA/AP enables collision-free and delay-bounded communications with a simple arbitration mechanism exploiting the precise time synchronization achieved by Wireless Two-Way Interferometry (Wi-Wi). Experimental demonstration and proving the feasibility in wireless environments are among the most critical steps before any further discussion of CSMA/AP and extension to various applications can take in place. In this work described in this paper, we experimentally demonstrated the fundamental principles of CSMA/AP by constructing a star-topology wireless network using software-defined radio terminals combined with precise time synchronization devices. We show that CSMA/AP was successfully operated, even with dynamic changes of the spatial position of the terminal or the capability to accommodate mobility, thanks to the real-time adaption to the dynamically changing environment by Wi-Wi. We also experimentally confirmed that the proposed CSMA/AP principle cannot be executed without Wi-Wi, which validates the importance of precise time synchronization. This study paves the way toward realizing delay-bounded wireless communications for future low-latency and highly reliable critical applications.INDEX TERMS Bounded delay, CSMA, MAC protocol, precise time synchronization, wireless two-way interferometry, wireless network.

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“…WBSN is a network that monitors human body signals such as body temperature, blood pressure, and heart rate in real time. Among multiple wireless technologies, Zigbee is the preferred standard for WBSN due to the nature of physical and MAC layers of IEEE 802.15.4 to ensure the wireless network standards and meet the special nature of the sensors and controls [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Evaluation of MAC Layer Protocol over Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks

Mau¹,

Lam²,

Nguyen³

2021

EAI Endorsed Transactions on Industrial Networks and Intelligen

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This article explores the intricacies of the ZigBee wireless protocol that works on the underlying IEEE 802.15.4 standard in order to fine-tune it in a way that will meet the unique requirements of a Wireless Body Sensor Network. This particular standard is relatively new and is specifically designed to offer low cost and power consumption, reliability, and inter-operability for sensor and control applications with low to moderate data rates. By simulating ZigBee wireless networks with the possible star, tree, or mesh topologies under different scenarios, the performance of each topology can be evaluated and assessed. The results from the simulations demonstrate that ZigBee wireless networks using the mesh topology have the highest overall performance regardless of the number of nodes. Moreover, the ratio of routers to end-devices in a Personal Area Network can either improve or deteriorate its performance.

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IEEE 802.15.4 Now and Then: Evolution of the LR-WPAN Standard

Cited by 9 publications

References 6 publications

Buried RF Sensors for Smart Road Infrastructure: Empirical Communication Range Testing, Propagation by Line of Sight, Diffraction and Reflection Model and Technology Comparison for 868 MHz–2.4 GHz

Buried RF Sensors for Smart Road Infrastructure: Empirical Communication Range Testing, Propagation by Line of Sight, Diffraction and Reflection Model and Technology Comparison for 868 MHz–2.4 GHz

Experimental Demonstration of Delay-Bounded Wireless Network Based on Precise Time Synchronization

Performance Evaluation of MAC Layer Protocol over Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks

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