2010
DOI: 10.1007/s10694-010-0181-x
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Ignition of Combustible Fuel Beds by Hot Particles: An Experimental and Theoretical Study

Abstract: Abstract. The process of spotting occurs in wildland fires when fire-lofted embers or hot particles land downwind, leading to ignition of new, discrete fires. This common mechanism of wildland fire propagation can result in rapid spread of the fire, potentially causing property damage and increased risk to life safety of both fire fighters and civilians. Despite the increasing frequency and losses in wildland fires, there has been relatively little research on ignition of fuel beds by embers and hot particles.… Show more

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Cited by 102 publications
(44 citation statements)
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“…For steel jacketed bullets, very small (only a few millimeters across) fragments of jacket material were often found inside the incipient ignition. Particles of this size have been reported to require temperatures of 1100°C or above to cause ignitions in dry cellulose [17]. At low target angles, little cratering of the target occurred regardless of bullet type, limiting alternative sources of hot materials other than bullet fragments themselves.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…For steel jacketed bullets, very small (only a few millimeters across) fragments of jacket material were often found inside the incipient ignition. Particles of this size have been reported to require temperatures of 1100°C or above to cause ignitions in dry cellulose [17]. At low target angles, little cratering of the target occurred regardless of bullet type, limiting alternative sources of hot materials other than bullet fragments themselves.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In general, the hot particle must be at a substantially higher temperature than the ignition temperature measured under radiant or convective heating [14][15][16]. Additionally, higher temperatures are required to initiate both smoldering and flaming ignition as the particle size decreases [16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. By performing experiments with steel and aluminum ball bearings in conjunction with a theoretical model, Gol'dshleger et al [20] showed that increasing the conductivity of the hot particle lowered the required particle temperature.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…For the range of particles tested, the minimum particle temperature for smoldering ignition was 550 • C, and the minimum temperature at which flaming ignition occurred was 650 • C. For small particles, flaming was observed for particles of 2.4 mm in diameter heated to at least 1200 • C. Smoldering was observed for particles of 3.5 mm diameter and temperatures higher than 1100 • C. It must be pointed out that the determination if smolder occurs or not is somewhat vague because of the transient character of the smolder ignition process. In the tests of Hadden et al (2011), smolder was considered to occur when charring of the cellulose occurred around the particle. However, in experiments conducted later in our laboratory, smolder was considered to Downloaded by [New York University] at 02:40 14 July 2015 Figure 3 Ignition propensity of dry cellulose using heated steel spheres.…”
Section: Ignition Of a Cellulose Bed By Metal Spheresmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Few studies have examined firebrand generation [9][10][11] and the ultimate ignition of materials by firebrands or metal particles [12][13][14][15][16][17]. Prior firebrand studies are of limited help to harden structures to firebrand showers.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%