Ignition of hydraulic fluid sprays by open flames and hot surfaces

Yuan, Liming

doi:10.1016/j.jlp.2005.09.001

Cited by 16 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Generally, the ignition of fluids on hot surface is very sensitive to the experimental conditions (Yuan, 2006;Yule and Moodie, 1992;Zink, 2005). For instance, the results may differ depending on how the fluid reaches the manifold (spray, drop(s), continuous or intermittent flow, etc.).…”

Section: Test Equipment Emulsions and Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The interest in fire test systematization is obviously developing because of many grades and applications of fluids (Prista, 2011;Kadota et al, 2007;Yuan, 2006) and new design solutions asking for higher parameters in exploitation, including pressure and temperature. Higher temperature and pressure have a synergic effect on fire risk; thus, a special attention has to be given to designing these systems and selecting fluids based on fire tests (Factory Mutual Global, 2009; European Commission, Enterprise and Industry, 2009).…”

Section: Fire Tests For Fluidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many of these tests give a result as "pass" or "not pass" (European Commission, Enterprise and Industry, 2009;HSE, 1999;Zink, 2005). The fluid that passed a particular test or, better, a set of tests may be included in recommendations or approvals, but these are specific to regional or national regulations (Factory Mutual Global, 2009;European Commission, Enterprise and Industry, 2009;Yuan, 2006). These types of tests were usually initiated after a severe accident implying fluid leakage (Hatamura, 2011).…”

Section: Fire Tests For Fluidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Flammability of emulsions on hot surfaces

Deleanu

Georgescu

Ciortan

et al. 2015

Industrial Lubrication and Tribology

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to establish the influence of oil concentration in oil-in-water emulsions on their flammability on hot surfaces and on their viscosity. The interest in fire test systematization is obviously developing due to many grades and applications of fluids and new design solutions asking for higher parameters in exploitation, including pressure and temperature. Higher temperature and pressure have a synergic effect on fire risk; thus, a special attention has to be given to selecting fluids based on fire tests. Design/methodology/approach – This test simulates a hazardous event when a fluid drops on a hot surface: 10 ml of fluid is dropped during 40-60 seconds on a manifold kept at a constant temperature, from a distance of 300 ± 5 mm above the surface. Tests were done under the procedure of SR EN ISO 20823:2004, with an original equipment. The apparent viscosity of the tested fluids was determined using a rheometer Rheotest 2. The tests were done for the fully mineral oil (Prista MHE-40) and for emulsions with different oil volume in water: 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90 per cent, respectively. Findings – The mineral oil MHE 40 Prista does not burn repeatedly for manifold temperature lower than 440°C, but it burns at 450°C on the clean surface and at 425°C on dirty surface, as obtained after testing the same oil, but at a temperature for which the oil burns. The emulsions do not burn even at 90 per cent oil in water, but the apparent viscosity of the emulsion is too high and unstable, above 20-30 per cent (volume) oil in water. No evident relationship was found between the apparent viscosity of the emulsions and their behavior on hot surface. Research limitations/implications – The hydraulic fluids were ranked, taking into account the flammability characteristics determined with the help of this test. Practical implications – This paper aims to reduce the risk of fire in hazardous environments using fire-resistant fluids. Social implications – Testing hydraulic fluids under the procedure of SR EN ISO 20823:2004 is required by European and national regulations to avoid large-scale accidents produced by the ignition of hydraulic fluids. Originality/value – As far as the authors have known, the test procedure was only used for establishing whether a certain fluid passes or does not pass this test. The authors did not find any references for establishing the influence of oil concentration on the flammability characteristics. Also, the equipment has an original design, allowing for a good repeatability and a high protection of the operator.

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Section: Test Equipment Emulsions and Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fire Tests For Fluidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fire Tests For Fluidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Flammability of emulsions on hot surfaces

Deleanu

Georgescu

Ciortan

et al. 2015

Industrial Lubrication and Tribology

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“…The sprayed small droplets quickly evaporate, and the momentum from the spray efficiently entrains the air necessary for combustion. Such fuel fog can be ignited readily by hot surfaces of equipments, electrical sparks or arcs, electric or chemical igniters, open flames, and mechanical sources of friction or sparking . Unlike pool fires, spray fires have zero ‘inertia’; they reach full intensity almost instantly.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance evaluation of bromofluoropropene in extinguishing liquid fuel spray fires

Chow

2013

Fire and Materials

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Liquid fuel spray fires emit high radiation heat fluxes, posing great threat to humans. The study of suitable agents and techniques for extinguishing this particular type of fire is of great importance. In this study, degradable 2‐bromo‐3,3,3‐trifluoropropene (BTP), a new clean fire extinguishing agent, was tested for its effectiveness in extinguishing three types of liquid fuel spray fires, namely diesel, gasoline, and ethanol. Bench‐scale experiments were conducted in a 6 × 5 × 3 m compartment with natural ventilation. The liquid fuels sprayed at varying pressures were ignited by a small open flame and then extinguished by a portable BTP extinguisher. Results showed that BTP of less than 60.0 g could extinguish all liquid fuel spray fires of 0.20 to 1.0 MPa in less than 2.0 s. The results also showed that when compared with fire sparked by gasoline and diesel, it is significantly easier to put out ethanol spray fires because of its high flame temperature and low flame power. Based on well‐established fire suppression theories and experimental results, the detailed mechanism of how BTP functions as an extinguishing agent in the suppression of liquid fuel spray fires will be discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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“…It can also be used in tunnel projects as paving material. During the operational process, the high pressure bitumen mixture often comes out from a small source and generates an atomized spray, which can be easily ignited by hot surfaces, open flames or electric sparks [1][2][3]. The spray bitumen fire is classified as self-sustaining burning which will continue after the removal of the igniting flame [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preliminary Experimental Study and Numerical Simulations on Suppressing Spray Bitumen Fire with Water Mist in a Confined Space

Pan¹,

Li²,

Lo³

et al. 2008

Fire Saf. Sci.

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Spray bitumen fires often occur in buildings and industrial processes. To investigate this type of hazard, the burning behavior of this flammable mixture was tested under practical conditions. Investigations of the suppression of this typical kind of fire were also included. CFD simulations were used as supplementary validation of tests that assessed the suppression of this type of fire by application of water mist. The water mist was generated from a centrifugal nozzle operating at low pressure about 1.0 MPa. The characteristics of the water mist were tested by LDV/APV system. The fuel was sprayed using the same sprayer as the sub-sprayer of the water mist nozzle. The flame structure was observed by the Thermograph (TG, SAT-HY6850). The various temperatures were tracked every 1 second by the K-type thermocouple. The flame suppression processes were observed and analyzed using a Charge Coupled Device (CCD) video camera. All the experiments were carried out in a 3 m × 3 m × 3 m confine space. Results indicated that the highest temperature of the spray bitumen fire was recorded in the core of the spray. The spray bitumen fire could be suppressed effectively by using the water mist fire suppression system. For lower pressure of the spray bitumen, the water mist suppression demonstrated higher efficiency. The test results showed that there was a short-lived "fire enhancement" phenomena as long as the water mist was released into the spray fire. Also, using the FDS to simulate the spray bitumen fire, we found comparative results between the numerical and experimental results.

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Ignition of hydraulic fluid sprays by open flames and hot surfaces

Cited by 16 publications

References 18 publications

Flammability of emulsions on hot surfaces

Flammability of emulsions on hot surfaces

Performance evaluation of bromofluoropropene in extinguishing liquid fuel spray fires

Preliminary Experimental Study and Numerical Simulations on Suppressing Spray Bitumen Fire with Water Mist in a Confined Space

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