IL-17A, IL-17E and IL-17F as Potential Biomarkers for the Intensity of Low-Grade Inflammation and the Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases in Obese People

Abstract

Low-grade inflammation is a factor that predisposes to many obesity-related comorbidities. The immune mechanisms controlling the inflammatory response related to the secretory activity of adipocytes and its consequences for the organism are still under investigation. Methods: 84 obese adult volunteers (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) were tested by BIA. Serum samples were collected to analyze the concentrations of interleukins IL-17A, IL-17E and IL-17F. The subjects completed the original questionnaire, the FFQ-6 food consumption frequency questionnaire and the food diary. Results: The level of IL-17E and IL-17F was positively correlated with the BMI value and the level of IL-17E increased with the content of subcutaneous fat. Its increased blood concentration was also observed in individuals who declared that they were diagnosed with atherosclerosis and/or were taking beta-blockers. Products that were related with a low level of the above-mentioned interleukins were vegetables, groats, eggs, red meat, fast-food and alcohol. The level of these interleukins was positively correlated with the frequent consumption of confectionery and breakfast cereals. Nutrients that decreased the concentrations of IL-17 isoforms were potassium, iron, vitamins B6 and C, and folic acid. Conclusions: Both IL-17E and IL-17F may be closely related to the intensity of low-grade inflammation and be biomarkers of cardiovascular disease risk. Food products or the nutrients they contain may affect the levels of the above-mentioned interleukins as well as IL-17A.

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“…Furthermore, IL-17F, a type 3 cytokine, was markedly increased in KCASP1Tg + fat mice even before LPS administration, and a trend of increase was also observed in WT + fat mice, where no other cytokine increases were observed. This is consistent with known reports that mice fed a high-fat diet tend to be obese [ 40 ] and that BMI positively correlates with IL-17F cytokine levels [ 50 ]. Obesity is associated with chronic inflammatory responses, including abnormal secretion of adipokines and activation of various inflammatory signaling pathways [ 51 , 52 ].…”

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“…We used the validated FFQ-6 ® food frequency questionnaire. This type of questionnaire does not provide information on estimated portion size but represents typical eating habits of Poles [ 22 , 23 , 24 , 67 , 68 , 69 ]. In Poland, there has only been one validated semi-quantitative and comprehensive FFQ (165-item FFQ ® ) [ 70 ], but it causes a heavy burden on the respondent (an interview takes 3–4 h).…”

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“…Circulating levels of IL-17E and IL-17F are positively correlated with increased BMI, in the same way that circulating levels of IL-17E are also positively correlated with subcutaneous fat. IL-17 also acts on adipose tissue by decreasing insulin sensitivity, which may lead to T2D in long-term [ 35 ]. Dietary habits also show a correlation with IL-17, where the consumption of vegetables and fruits lower IL-17 in children, whereas the consumption of highly processed (fast) food and foods rich in saturated fat increase IL-17 [ 36 , 37 ].…”