“…), to the specialized bird trade in Peru (Daut et al. ), to simple and opportunistic trade such as the bushmeat trade in the Abaetetuba open‐air market in Brazil (Baía et al. ) and the parrot trade in Santa Cruz's markets in Bolivia (Pires & Clarke ).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The dynamic between domestic and international trade could differ depending on the wildlife in trade and social and economic contexts, for example, from a highly specialized commercial chain, as for Podocnemis spp. turtles in Amazon River in Brazil (Pantoja-Lima et al 2014), to the specialized bird trade in Peru (Daut et al 2015), to simple and opportunistic trade such as the bushmeat trade in the Abaetetuba open-air market in Brazil (Baía et al 2010) and the parrot trade in Santa Cruz's markets in Bolivia (Pires & Clarke 2011). Given our broad taxonomic approach, the large extent of spatial dependence in domestic and international trade suggests that both local organizations and sophisticated trader networks may be involved.…”
Section: Spatial Overlap Between Illegal Wildlife Usesmentioning
Although most often considered independently, subsistence hunting, domestic trade, and international trade as components of illegal wildlife use (IWU) may be spatially correlated. Understanding how and where subsistence and commercial uses may co-occur has important implications for the design and implementation of effective conservation actions. We analyzed patterns in the joint geographical distribution of illegal commercial and subsistence use of multiple wildlife species in Venezuela and evaluated whether available data were sufficient to provide accurate estimates of the magnitude, scope, and detectability of IWU. We compiled records of illegal subsistence hunting and trade from several sources and fitted a random-forest classification model to predict the spatial distribution of IWUs. From 1969 to 2014, 404 species and 8,340,921 specimens were involved in IWU, for a mean extraction rate of 185,354 individuals/year. Birds were the most speciose group involved (248 spp.), but reptiles had the highest extraction rates (126,414 individuals/year vs. 3,133 individuals/year for birds). Eighty-eight percent of international trade records spatially overlapped with domestic trade, especially in the north and along the coast but also in western inland areas. The distribution of domestic trade was broadly distributed along roads, suggesting that domestic trade does not depend on large markets in cities. Seventeen percent of domestic trade records overlapped with subsistence hunting, but the spatial distribution of this overlap covered a much larger area than between commercial uses. Domestic trade seems to respond to demand from rural more than urban communities. Our approach will be useful for understanding how IWU works at national scales in other parts of the world.
“…), to the specialized bird trade in Peru (Daut et al. ), to simple and opportunistic trade such as the bushmeat trade in the Abaetetuba open‐air market in Brazil (Baía et al. ) and the parrot trade in Santa Cruz's markets in Bolivia (Pires & Clarke ).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The dynamic between domestic and international trade could differ depending on the wildlife in trade and social and economic contexts, for example, from a highly specialized commercial chain, as for Podocnemis spp. turtles in Amazon River in Brazil (Pantoja-Lima et al 2014), to the specialized bird trade in Peru (Daut et al 2015), to simple and opportunistic trade such as the bushmeat trade in the Abaetetuba open-air market in Brazil (Baía et al 2010) and the parrot trade in Santa Cruz's markets in Bolivia (Pires & Clarke 2011). Given our broad taxonomic approach, the large extent of spatial dependence in domestic and international trade suggests that both local organizations and sophisticated trader networks may be involved.…”
Section: Spatial Overlap Between Illegal Wildlife Usesmentioning
Although most often considered independently, subsistence hunting, domestic trade, and international trade as components of illegal wildlife use (IWU) may be spatially correlated. Understanding how and where subsistence and commercial uses may co-occur has important implications for the design and implementation of effective conservation actions. We analyzed patterns in the joint geographical distribution of illegal commercial and subsistence use of multiple wildlife species in Venezuela and evaluated whether available data were sufficient to provide accurate estimates of the magnitude, scope, and detectability of IWU. We compiled records of illegal subsistence hunting and trade from several sources and fitted a random-forest classification model to predict the spatial distribution of IWUs. From 1969 to 2014, 404 species and 8,340,921 specimens were involved in IWU, for a mean extraction rate of 185,354 individuals/year. Birds were the most speciose group involved (248 spp.), but reptiles had the highest extraction rates (126,414 individuals/year vs. 3,133 individuals/year for birds). Eighty-eight percent of international trade records spatially overlapped with domestic trade, especially in the north and along the coast but also in western inland areas. The distribution of domestic trade was broadly distributed along roads, suggesting that domestic trade does not depend on large markets in cities. Seventeen percent of domestic trade records overlapped with subsistence hunting, but the spatial distribution of this overlap covered a much larger area than between commercial uses. Domestic trade seems to respond to demand from rural more than urban communities. Our approach will be useful for understanding how IWU works at national scales in other parts of the world.
“…Aves is the main taxon exploited for pets for illegal domestic and international trading in South American countries Cruz-Antia, 2010;Daut, Brightsmith, Mendoza, Puhakka, & Peterson, 2015;FernandesFerreira, Mendonc¸a, Albano, Ferreira, & Alves, 2012;Neme, 2015). Until the late 1970s and early 1980s, ''feiras de passarinhos'' (passerines markets) were common in almost all Brazilian cities, with wild animals being openly sold in large numbers (Sick & Teixeira, 1979;Souza, Vilela, & Caˆmara, 2014).…”
Illegal bird-keeping and pet trade are some of the major threats to Neotropical birds. The aim of the present study was to detail aspects of the use and trade of wild Passeriformes as pets in an ecotonal zone of Caatinga-Cerrado domains in middlenorth of Brazil, a western subregion of northeastern (NE) Brazil which also is a road hub interconnecting this region to the Amazon and other Brazilian areas. Information on the use of avifauna was obtained through semistructured interviews with 61 bird-keepers or trappers and investigations in the municipal market of Floriano, Piauí State. Our results reveal that at least 39 passerine species are targeted as pets in surveyed areas. Based on Use-Value (UV) index, the main recorded species were Sporophila lineola, Charitospiza eucosma, Sporophila nigricollis, Sporophila plumbea, Paroaria dominicana, Sicalis flaveola, Gnorimopsar chopi, Sicalis columbiana, Mimus saturninus, and Turdus rufiventris. In general, younger respondents (<30 years old) trapping more species than older persons (!50 years old), as well as trappers engaged in wild pet trade explored a higher species richness by respondents. The regional bird market chain was typically performed outside municipal market of Floriano and facilitated by popularization of technological improvements (motorcycles, smartphones, and social media). New strategies urgently need to be developed to improve bird conservation, including establishment and maintenance of environmental education programs, media campaigns and development of a well-monitored system for captive breeding, and reproduction of wild birds exploited as pets.
“…1). In Bolivia and Peru, the parrot trade was also found to be family–related [20, 41]. Role assignment by age and gender has been observed in other subsistence activities [42], and in the case of the bird trade studied by Retana Guiascón and collaborators [43], women and children were in charge of capturing and feeding the fledglings.Fig.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In Costa Rica, the main families were Psittacids, Emberizidae, Ramphastidae, Turdidae, Fringillidae, Thraupidae, Anatidae, Strigidae and Icteridae, in that order [58] and in Venezuela, they were Emberizidae, Psittacidae and Icteridae [59]. We have found a difference in Peru, as the available articles [41, 60] show a high number of Psittacid specimens on a national level, whereas in Mexico, the majority of the reported birds are passerines.…”
BackgroundThe use of birds as pets has been a historical tradition in Mexico since prehispanic times. It has survived through bird traders, called pajareros, which is a local name given to the trade (derived from pájaro, the Spanish word for bird). However, the trade of birds has not been sufficiently described; therefore, the goal of this paper is to analyze the bird trade in Mexico using the components of an ethnoecology scheme known as kosmos-corpus-praxis complex.MethodsQualitative research techniques were used, including ethnographic immersion, participative research, and interviews of 79 pajareros in 22 localities in nine Mexican states.ResultsThe activity of the pajareros occurs within their households, with each member having distinct roles. The roles involved in bird trading are capturing, acclimation, maintenance, and sale. Their assignment depends on gender, age, and residential location (rural or urban). Beyond their households, the pajareros are well organized in trade unions and are represented by a leader, who acts as an intermediate between them and the government officers who are involved in the authorization of federal permits. The pajareros use 96 species of birds, most of which are native to Mexico. Practicing the trade requires highly specific knowledge of the biology, ecology, habitat, nutrition, diseases, and behavior of the birds, as well as the abiotic components of their environment, such as climatology and geography. The cosmovision of pajarero households is embedded in their identity, making them proud of their trade.ConclusionsOur paper provides the first comprehensive description of the pajarero trade, showing evidence of local communitarian management in the places where the wild birds are captured.
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