Illicit Drug Markets Today

McLean, Robert; Robinson, Grace; Densley, James A.

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-33362-1_4

Cited by 10 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Maintaining a reputation as someone, who was not interested in being involved in criminal activities, is a self-protective strategy that was widely respected among our participants’ criminal friends. Contrary to studies that show how gang-related young people sometimes groom peers to become involved in the drug trade (see McLean et al, 2019), findings from our study suggest that many of our participants felt that their gang-related friends were very considerate about not involving their law-abiding friends.…”

Section: Abstaining From Crime While Keeping In Contact With Crime-in...contrasting

confidence: 99%

“…One aspect of this theme of peer pressure and criminal involvement has been emphasized more recently by researchers in the United Kingdom, who have highlighted the ways in which marginalized young men’s pathways into drug crimes are sometimes the result of criminal exploitation, where older and more criminally experienced individuals groom or force their less experienced peers into drug selling in order to profit from their criminal labor (Harding, 2020; McLean et al, 2019; Moyle, 2019). This theme has also been noted in research in Denmark (the empirical focus of this article), albeit to a lesser extent (Søgaard et al, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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My Criminal Friend: Maneuvering Friendships and Abstaining from Crime in High-Risk Areas in Denmark

Haller¹,

Søgaard²,

Kolind³

et al. 2022

Youth Justice

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This article highlights the perspective of 39 young men who live and have friends in a Danish high-risk neighborhood. We look into their use of microlevel tactics to socialize with crime-involved friends while managing to abstain from crime. Maintaining this balance was a constant everyday processual negotiation of friendship relations, moral obligations, and risk assessment. However, the most severe consequences of having criminal friends were to endure police control and potentially be known and registered by the police as criminals or ‘gang-affiliated’. In that way, the criminal justice system was deeply entangled in the social lives of these young people.

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Section: Abstaining From Crime While Keeping In Contact With Crime-in...contrasting

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

My Criminal Friend: Maneuvering Friendships and Abstaining from Crime in High-Risk Areas in Denmark

Haller¹,

Søgaard²,

Kolind³

et al. 2022

Youth Justice

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“…Significantly, if the objective (for some) of their involvement in professional harm-reduction work, research or campaigning on the issue of 'county lines' is to rescue or 'empower' disenfranchised youth, then the conversation needs to move beyond these limited, and limiting, categorisations. Rooting the county lines discourse in simplistic and binary categorisations of victim and perpetrator not only draws clear lines where many have already observed they cannot be drawn, 100 it works to (purposefully) depoliticise and mask a long-standing and persistent 'crimes' production agenda that harms racially marginalised groups and communities, and to de-contextualise the lived realities of those who are subject to it (a persistent imperialist humanitarian trope. 101 In foregrounding the political trajectory of the county lines 'category' by re-historicising and re-politicising it, we create the conditions in which the political agency of those subject to it can be asserted, opening a space in which narratives and practices of resistance can surface.…”

Section: Conclusion: County Lines Racism and The British Statementioning

confidence: 99%

‘County lines’: racism, safeguarding and statecraft in Britain

Koch,

Williams,

Wroe

2023

Race & Class

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Government policies relating to dealers in ‘county lines’ drugs trafficking cases have been welcomed as a departure from punitive approaches to drugs and ‘gang’ policing, in that those on the bottom rung of the drugs economy of heroin and crack cocaine are no longer treated as criminals but as potential victims and ‘modern slaves’ in need of protection. However, our research suggests not so much a radical break with previous modes of policing as that the term ‘county lines’ emerged as a logical extension of the government’s racist and classist language surrounding ‘gangs’, knife crime and youth violence. Policies implemented in the name of safeguarding the vulnerable also act as a gateway for criminalisation not just under drugs laws but also modern slavery legislation. The government’s discovery of, and responses to, ‘county lines’ hinge on a moral crisis in the making, which ultimately deepens the state’s pre-emptive and violent criminalisation of the ‘Black criminal other’ at a time of deep political crisis.

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“…Further, in light of the evolving nature of harms and risks for this specific group of young people, including the increase in (and/or increased understanding of) extra-familial harm, these types of harms very much extend beyond 18. Harm may continue irrespective of whether a young person enters or leaves care and harm from exploitation can arguably fuel a cycle of victim/perpetrator more than many other type of abuse (Home Office, 2019; Cockbain and Olver, 2019; McLean et al , 2020). This presents new challenges to child protection and adult safeguarding (Senker et al , 2020; Turner et al , 2019).…”

Section: Legal Differences Between Children and Adult Safeguardingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transitional Safeguarding: presenting the case for developing Making Safeguarding Personal for young people in England

Cocker¹,

Cooper

Holmes³

et al. 2021

JAP

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to set out the similarities and differences between the legal frameworks for safeguarding children and adults. It presents the case for developing a Transitional Safeguarding approach to create an integrated paradigm for safeguarding young people that better meets their developmental needs and better reflects the nature of harms young people face. Design/methodology/approach This paper draws on the key principles of the Children Act 1989 and the Care Act 2014 and discusses their similarities and differences. It then introduces two approaches to safeguarding: Making Safeguarding Personal (MSP); and transitional safeguarding; that can inform safeguarding work with young people. Other legal frameworks that influence safeguarding practices, such as the Mental Capacity Act 2005 and the Human Rights Act 1998, are also discussed. Findings Safeguarding practice still operates within a child/adult binary; neither safeguarding system adequately meets the needs of young people. Transitional Safeguarding advocates an approach to working with young people that is relational, developmental and contextual. MSP focuses on the wishes of the person at risk from abuse or neglect and their desired outcomes. This is also central to a Transitional Safeguarding approach, which is participative, evidence informed and promotes equalities, diversity and inclusion. Practical implications Building a case for developing MSP for young people means that local partnerships could create the type of service that best meets local needs, whilst ensuring their services are participative and responsive to the specific safeguarding needs of individual young people. Originality/value This paper promotes applying the principles of MSP to safeguarding practice with young people. It argues that the differences between the children and adult legislative frameworks are not so great that they would inhibit this approach to safeguarding young people.

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Illicit Drug Markets Today

Cited by 10 publications

References 18 publications

My Criminal Friend: Maneuvering Friendships and Abstaining from Crime in High-Risk Areas in Denmark

My Criminal Friend: Maneuvering Friendships and Abstaining from Crime in High-Risk Areas in Denmark

‘County lines’: racism, safeguarding and statecraft in Britain

Transitional Safeguarding: presenting the case for developing Making Safeguarding Personal for young people in England

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