Illustrating the hidden economic, social and ecological values of global forage fish resources

Konar, Manaswita; Qiu, Siya; Tougher, Brendan; Vause, James; Tlusty, Michael F.; Fitzsimmons, K.; Barrows, Rick; Cao, Ling

doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.104456

Cited by 39 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Nevertheless, the gradual decline in wild fish catches, and the growing demand for aquaculture feed resulted in a dramatically reduced supply of FM and the elevation of diet prices [ 3 , 4 ]. FM is believed to no longer be capable of supporting the development of the aquaculture industry in the coming years [ 5 , 6 ]. This raises the need to seek better alternatives to FM for sustainable aquafeed production [ 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Replacement of Fish Meal by Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae Meal: Effects on Growth, Haematology, and Skin Mucus Immunity of Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus

Tippayadara

Dawood

Krutmuang

et al. 2021

Animals

113

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Fish meal (FM) is no longer a sustainable source for the increasing aquaculture industry. Animal proteins from insects may be used as a FM alternative source as long as they do not create adverse effects in fish. Black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM) was tested in a 12-week experiment on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Four hundred and twenty (14.77 ± 2.09 g) fish were divided into seven groups and were fed seven diets: control (0% BSFLM-100% FM), and FM replaced by BSFLM at rates of 10%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%. Growth indexes, feed utilization efficiency indices, feed intake, and survival rate were not significantly different (p > 0.05) between FM and BSFLM fed fish. Values of red blood cell, white blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume and hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, red blood cell distribution width, and platelet values were not affected by BSFLM. Skin, mucus lysozyme, and peroxidase activities were improved in BSFLM fed fish. BSFLM can be used as a substitution for FM in the Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) diet at up to a 100% rate with no adverse effects.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Replacement of Fish Meal by Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae Meal: Effects on Growth, Haematology, and Skin Mucus Immunity of Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus

Tippayadara

Dawood

Krutmuang

et al. 2021

Animals

113

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“…2012, Kadin 2014, Konar et al. 2019). At the same time, their forage fish prey (small, mid‐trophic level, pelagic species), have extensive provisional value as humans directly consume forage fish and forage fish are used as feed for agriculture and aquaculture resources that humans depend on (Alder et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A structured seabird population model reveals how alternative forage fish control rules benefit seabirds and fisheries

Koehn

Siple

Essington

2021

Ecological Applications

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Fisheries for forage fish may affect the survival and reproduction of piscivorous predators, especially seabirds. However, seabirds have evolved life history strategies to cope with natural fluctuations in prey and it is difficult to separate effects of fishing on seabirds from impacts of natural variability. To date, potential impacts of forage fisheries on seabirds have mainly been explored using ecosystem models that simplify seabird–forage‐fish dynamics. We sought to explore how different forage fish harvest policies affect seabirds, accounting for structured population dynamics, life history specifics, and variation in forage fish dependencies across life stages; and how impacts vary across seabird and forage fish life histories. To explore these impacts, we developed an age‐stage structured seabird model that incorporates seabird diet specialization, foraging behavior, and reproductive strategy, as well as different functional responses between prey availability and adult survival, juvenile survival, reproductive success, and breeder propensity. We parameterized this model for two contrasting seabird life histories: (1) a low fecundity, limited foraging range, diet specialist (“restricted”); and (2) a high fecundity, wide ranging, diet generalist (“flexible”). Each was paired with two different forage fish prey archetypes that were fished under various control rules. The restricted seabird population was expectedly less robust to constant fishing pressure than the flexible seabird, and this sensitivity was mainly due to functional response parameterization, rather than other life history parameters. Particularly, the restricted seabird was highly sensitive to the relationship between prey availability and adult survival but was not sensitive to the relationship between prey and reproductive success. An adaptive biomass‐limit harvest rule for forage fish resulted in substantially higher seabird abundance compared to constant fishing across all scenarios, with minimal trade‐offs to the fishery (depending on fishery management objectives). However, mechanisms governing the impact of the forage fish fishery on the seabird varied by forage fish type. Therefore, tailoring forage fish management strategies to forage fish life history can lead to mutually acceptable outcomes for fisheries and seabirds. If data or time are limited, an adaptive control rule is likely a safe bet for meeting seabird conservation objectives with limited impacts to fisheries.

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“…Thus, not only are forage fish important providers of fish as human food and feed for agri/aquaculture industries, they are also a major food source for fish predators [many of which themselves support valuable commercial fisheries - Pikitch et al (2012Pikitch et al ( , 2014], marine birds and marine mammals, and directly or indirectly contribute to varied ecotourism industries. Further, they play important roles in regulating ocean carbon, and contribute to community wellbeing and culture (Konar et al, 2019). Global economic value of forage fish (to include a wide array of contributions of forage fish to people and the ecosystem) was estimated to be 18.7 billion USD per annum, which is more than triple the direct catch value of these fish (Konar et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further, they play important roles in regulating ocean carbon, and contribute to community wellbeing and culture (Konar et al, 2019). Global economic value of forage fish (to include a wide array of contributions of forage fish to people and the ecosystem) was estimated to be 18.7 billion USD per annum, which is more than triple the direct catch value of these fish (Konar et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Seabirds and marine mammals often show biomass (and also foraging and breeding) responses closely reflecting forage fish availability (Koehn et al, 2017;Campbell et al, 2019;Saraux et al, 2020). Further, it is no simple matter to compare economic trade-offs between forage fish and their predators (Koehn et al, 2017;Konar et al, 2019), and a full socio-economic analysis is warranted at the local scale. Nevertheless, it is important to acknowledge that the conversation needs to extend beyond only considering the changes in predator biomass, and even beyond also considering economic and social (stakeholder -see Koehn et al, 2017) trade-offs in forage fisheries versus conservation for the sake of their predators.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Cursory Look at the Fishmeal/Oil Industry From an Ecosystem Perspective

Shannon

Waller

2021

Front. Ecol. Evol.

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By supporting the fishmeal industry, are we competing with marine predators? Should we be taking away food from marine predators to subsidize agriculture? If not for human consumption, should forage fish be left in the sea for predators? Are there more sustainable alternatives to fishmeal; can the fishing industry be part of developing these? These are all pressing questions being posed by marine scientists, particularly in the light of the increasing aquaculture industry and associated increasing demand in recent decades for fishmeal and oil to sustain cultured fish. We concisely summarize the global context of marine sourced fishmeal and then use the South African marine ecosystem as a working example. This article draws on research into the trophic role of forage fish in marine ecosystems and ponders whether a reduced demand for fishmeal, given increasing global pressures such as climate change, could benefit marine ecosystems, fisheries on predatory species, and vulnerable marine predators.

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Illustrating the hidden economic, social and ecological values of global forage fish resources

Cited by 39 publications

References 44 publications

Replacement of Fish Meal by Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae Meal: Effects on Growth, Haematology, and Skin Mucus Immunity of Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus

Replacement of Fish Meal by Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae Meal: Effects on Growth, Haematology, and Skin Mucus Immunity of Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus

A structured seabird population model reveals how alternative forage fish control rules benefit seabirds and fisheries

A Cursory Look at the Fishmeal/Oil Industry From an Ecosystem Perspective

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