Image quality of list-mode proton imaging without front trackers

Abstract

List mode proton imaging relies on accurate reconstruction of the proton most likely path (MLP) through the patient. This typically requires two sets of position sensitive detector systems, one upstream (front) and one downstream (rear) of the patient. However, for a clinical implementation it can be preferable to omit the front trackers (single-sided proton imaging). For such a system, the MLP can be computed from information available through the beam delivery system and the remaining rear tracker set. In this work, we use Monte Carlo simulations to compare a conventional double-sided (using both front and rear detector systems) with a single-sided system (only rear detector system) by evaluating the spatial resolution of proton radiographs (pRad) and proton CT images (pCT) acquired with these set-ups. Both the pencil beam spot size, as well as the spacing between spots was also adjusted to identify the impact of these beam parameters on the image quality. Relying only on the pencil beam central position for computing the MLP resulted in severe image artifacts both in pRad and pCT. Using the recently extended-MLP formalism that incorporate pencil beam uncertainty removed these image artifacts. However, using a more focused pencil beam with this algorithm induced image artifacts when the spot spacing was the same as the beam spot size. The spatial resolution tested with a sharp edge gradient technique was reduced by 40% for single-sided (MTF 10% = 3.0 lp/cm) compared to double-sided (MTF 10% = 4.9 lp/cm) pRad with ideal tracking detectors. Using realistic trackers the difference decreased to 30%, with MTF 10% of 4.0 lp/cm for the realistic double-sided and 2.7 lp/cm for the realistic single-sided setup. When studying an anthropomorphic paediatric head phantom both single- and double-sided set-ups performed similarly where the difference in water equivalent thickness (WET) between the two set-ups were less than 0.01 mm in homogeneous areas of the head. Larger discrepancies between the two set-ups were visible in high density gradients like the facial structures. A complete CT reconstruction of a Catphan ® module was performed. Assuming ideal detectors, the obtained spatial resolution was 5.1 lp/cm for double-sided and 3.8 lp/cm for the single-sided setup. Double- and single-sided pRad with realistic tracker properties returned a spatial resolution of 3.8 lp/cm and 3.2 lp/cm, respectively. Future studies should investigate the development of dedicated reconstruction algorithms targeted for single-sided particle imaging.

Helium radiography with a digital tracking calorimeter—a Monte Carlo study for secondary track rejection

“…Due to the scattering in the phantom, correct matching of front and rear tracker vectors would be difficult. An evaluation of the image quality achievable with such a system (denoted single-sided in this work) is presented in the recent work by Sølie et al (2020).…”

A High-Granularity Digital Tracking Calorimeter Optimized for Proton CT

“…Nevertheless, the overall performance of the DTC can be expected to fulfill the goal of achieving an RSP accuracy of better than 1%. The spatial resolution achievable with a single sided pCT setup was not object of the present work, but it was investigated in a previous publication [37]. A reduced performance was observed compared to that of an imaging system comprising also front tracking detectors, as expected.…”

“…From the operational point of view, a single-sided system would be able to allow a higher particle rate, since the pairing of particle hits measured on the rear tracker with the measurements on the front tracker could be avoided. For a more detailed discussion of this topic please refer to the work of Sølie et al [37].…”

“…The mean ionization potential of water was set to 78 eV. The beam characteristics at the beam window position placed 500 mm before the isocenter are reproduced from Table 1 in the work by Sølie et al [37]. A total of 5,000 protons per beam spot was kept consistent across all simulations to ensure sufficient statistics and approximate the expected protons intensity of 10 7 protons per second in a realistic scenario.…”

“…The phantom comprises different human tissue materials ranging from brain to tooth enamel. A detailed tissue composition can be found in Sølie et al [37].…”