Imaging at the Mesoscale (LEEM, PEEM)

Abstract

TO BE PUBLISHED IN SPRINGER HANDBOOK OF SURFACE SCIENCE (SPRINGER VERLAG)TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 2. CATHODE LENS MICROSCOPY 2.1. OPERATING PRINCIPLES 2.2. INSTRUMENTATION 2.2.1. BEAM SEPARATOR 2.2.2. ENERGY ANALYZERS 2.2.3. ABERRATION CORRECTORS 2.2.4. ELECTRON AND PHOTON SOURCES 2.3. PERFORMANCES 3. LOW ENERGY ELECTRON MICROSCOPY 3.0.1 BASIC IMAGE CONTRAST 3.0.2 IMAGE FORMATION 3.1 IMAGING MODE 3.1.1 LEEM AND LEEM-IV 3.1.2 BRIGHTFIELD AND DARKFIELD LEEM 3.1.3 MIRROR ELECTRON MICROSCOPY 3.1.4 SPIN POLARIZED LEEM 3.1.5 ELECTRON ENERGY LOSS MICROSCOPY 3.2 DIFFRACTION MODE 3.2.1 U-LEED 3.2.2 SPOT PROFILE ANALYSIS AND LEED-IV 3.3 SPECTROSCOPY MODE 3.3.1 U-EELS 4 PHOTOEMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY 4.0.1 BASIC IMAGE CONTRAST 4.0.2 SPACE CHARGE EFFECTS 4.1 IMAGING MODE 4.1.1 PEEM AND XPEEM 4.1.2 BRIGHTFIELD AND DARKFIELD PEEM 4.1.3 XAS-PEEM AND MAGNETIC PEEM IMAGING 4.2 DIFFRACTION MODE 4.2.1 U-ARPES AND U-XPD 4.3 SPECTROSCOPY MODE 4.3.1 U-XPS 5 PERSPECTIVES

Blue phosphorene on Au(111): theoretical, spectroscopic and diffraction analysis reveal the role of single Au adatoms

“…Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. ARPES k // maps and electron momentum distribution curves (MDC) were collected in UHV (base p < 7 × 10 −11 mbar) using the spectroscopic photoemission and low-energy electron microscope (SPELEEM) instrument 29 that is located at the nanospectroscopy beamline of the Elettra synchrotron radiation facility, Trieste, Italy. 30 The photon beam (hn = 65 eV) was focused on the sample, and the area from which ARPES data is collected was further reduced by using a eld-limiting aperture, yielding an effective probed region of 2 mm diameter.…”

The 2021 ultrafast spectroscopic probes of condensed matter roadmap

“…Photoemission spectroscopy techniques-wherein one photoemits an electron from a material using a high-energy photon and studies its properties-can provide unparalleled insight into materials and condensed matter systems. Among these, two particularly powerful and complementary techniques exist: with ARPES, the kinetic energy and emission angle of the photoemitted electron provide direct knowledge of the electronic structure of the material [121]; on the other hand, PEEM images a material's surface in real space and can deliver detailed knowledge about surface morphology, electronic and chemical properties, and magnetic structures with nanometer-scale spatial resolution [122].…”

Magnetic Materials and Systems: Domain Structure Visualization and Other Characterization Techniques for the Application in the Materials Science and Biomedicine

“…For example, when dimensions of a system go down to the nanoscale the uniform magnetization hypothesis is unreliable and properties become exclusive. Local regions with uniform magnetization (i.e., magnetic domains), their boundary structure (i.e., domain walls), the directions of magnetization and the magnetization extent can be revealed under both static or dynamic conditions (i.e., magnetization reversal and time-reversal behaviors) from the cryogenic cooling to high temperature [92][93][94][95].…”

“…Shrewd interpretation of the variety of magnetic visualization techniques is used in this section both to begin the readers who are not familiar with these techniques and to help those more expert to figure out their own matter. extent can be revealed under both static or dynamic conditions (i.e., magnetization reversal and time-reversal behaviors) from the cryogenic cooling to high temperature [92][93][94][95]. Electrons, photons, neutrons and X-rays are four kinds of modern probes offering a plethora of opportunities for the investigation of the magnetic properties (Figure 8).…”

“…This limitation affects important fields of research, such as dynamics on domain walls and exotic magnetic states of matter. The usual image contrast is augmented by magnetic contrast generated by the exchange interaction between incident spin-polarized electrons and spin-polarized electrons in the magnetic material [95]. An important family of applications of SPLEEM employs the vector imaging capability to resolve domain wall (DW) spin textures.…”