“…In addition, the deposition rate varies with NPs properties, like size, shape, density, hydrophobicity, and charge, and is also influenced by physiological parameters, such as airway geometry, flowrate, lung morphology, lung surfactant, breathing pattern, and mucociliary clearance (Borghardt et al, 2018). Moreover, the deposition efficiency of pulmonary‐delivered NPs is affected by the location and size of lung tumors (Man et al, 2023). It is well established that negatively charged tumor cell plasma membranes have a higher affinity to absorb neutral or positively charged than negatively charged NPs (Cheng et al, 2022), and the NP morphology correlates with the systemic adverse effects or immune effects (W. Zhang et al, 2022).…”