Imaging findings in primary carcinoid tumour of the liver with gastrin production.

Kehagias, Dimitrios; Moulopoulos, Lia A.; Smirniotis, V; Pafiti, Agathi; Ispanopoulos, S; Vlahos, Lambros

doi:10.1259/bjr.72.854.10365076

Cited by 31 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Most present with nonspecific symptoms of weight loss, malaise, and central or right upper quadrant abdominal pain [5,7,8,10,11]. Imaging findings are also nonspecific and include occasional cystic areas with variable enhancement during dynamic CT, as well as high T2-weighted signal uptake and variable postcontrast enhancement during magnetic resonance imaging [12,13].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Primary hepatic carcinoid tumor in children

Foley

Sunil

Dębski

et al. 2008

Journal of Pediatric Surgery

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Primary hepatic carcinoid tumor in children

Foley

Sunil

Dębski

et al. 2008

Journal of Pediatric Surgery

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“…The remaining 1% occur in a variety of locations, including the ovary [5], gallbladder [6], extrahepatic bile ducts [7], thymus [8], testis [9], liver, cervix, spleen, breast, and larynx. Within the gastrointestinal tract, most carcinoids arise in the small intestine (most commonly in the ileum), followed by the appendix, rectum, colon and stomach [10].…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

The neuroendocrine tumors of the ileum

Costin

Dumitraşcu

2008

Open Medicine

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AbstractNeuroendocrine tumors arise from the diffuse neuroendocrine system and secrete several peptides and bioactive amines (serotonin, histamine, dopamine, norepinephrine, corticotropin, calcitonin, bradykinin, kalikrein, gastrin, cholecystokinin, prostaglandins). The most common occurrence site of neuroendocrine tumors is the ileum. The symptoms of small bowel carcinoids are represented by intermittent intestinal obstruction and carcinoid syndrome. Presence of the carcinoid syndrome usually indicates hepatic or retroperitoneal metastases. The typical carcinoid syndrome is characterized by flushing, diarrhea, nonspecific abdominal pain and bronchospasm. The diagnosis of small bowel tumors is often difficult due to their rarity and the nonspecific and variable nature of the presenting signs and symptoms. The most useful initial diagnostic test for the carcinoid syndrome is to measure 24-hour urinary excretion of 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5 HIAA), which is the end product of serotonin metabolism. Capsule endoscopy is a more recent diagnostic tool. Surgery is the radical form of curative therapy for carcinoid tumors. Numerous therapies are available for palliation including surgery, pharmacologic therapy, interventional radiologic therapy, embolization and chemoembolization of hepatic metastases, immunotherapy (Interferon alfa) and chemotherapy. We carefully reviewed the available literature on this topic before beginning our study.

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“…When an NEC is found in the liver, a diagnosis of extrahepatic metastatic carcinoma must first be eliminated [2]. The first case of PHNEC was reported by Edmondson in 1958 [3]. Fewer than 100 cases of PHNECs have since been reported in English literature [4], mostly as case reports.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Primary hepatic neuroendocrine tumors: multi-modal imaging features with pathological correlations

et al. 2017

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BackgroundPrimary hepatic neuroendocrine carcinomas (PHNECs) are rare and asymptomatic, and are therefore difficult to distinguish radiologically from other liver carcinomas. In this study, we aimed to determine the computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) features of PHNECs.MethodsA retrospective analysis of 11 patients with pathologically proven PHNECs was performed from January 2009 to September 2014. The CT, MRI, and DSA image features were analysed.ResultsTen of the eleven patients exhibited two or more lesions, and one patient exhibited a single lesion. Abdominal CT of 8 cases revealed multiple round or oval-shaped masses with well-defined borders, which were heterogeneous and hypodense on precontrast CT images. Significant diffuse heterogeneous enhancement was observed during the arterial phase in 8 cases, and the enhancement was slightly higher than the attenuation of the surrounding normal liver parenchyma and indistinct edges of small lesions during the portal phase. Well circumscribed (11 cases), lobulated (5 cases) or multiple nodular masses (4 cases), nodule (1 case) and irregular masses (1 case) of high signal intensity were observed on T2WI and DWI of MR images. The masses were well circumscribed, heterogeneous, and hypointense on T1WI, with significant enhancement of the solid carcinoma portion in the early arterial phase and continued enhancement in the portal venous phase. Characteristic lobulated or multiple nodular masses were observed in MRI. DSA showed multiple hypervascular carcinoma-staining lesions with sharp edges in the arterial phase.ConclusionThe CT, MRI, and DSA images of PHNECs exhibit specific characteristic features. Appropriate combinations of the available imaging modalities could therefore optimize the evaluation of patients with PHNECs.

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Imaging findings in primary carcinoid tumour of the liver with gastrin production.

Cited by 31 publications

References 2 publications

Primary hepatic carcinoid tumor in children

Primary hepatic carcinoid tumor in children

The neuroendocrine tumors of the ileum

Primary hepatic neuroendocrine tumors: multi-modal imaging features with pathological correlations

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