Imaging port wine stains by fiber optical coherence tomography

Zhao, Shiyong; Gu, Ying; Xue, Ping; Guo, Jin; Shen, Tingmei; Wang, Tianshi; Huang, Naiyan; Zhang, Li; Qiu, Haixia; Yu, Xin; Wei, Xunbin

doi:10.1117/1.3445712

Cited by 48 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…The mean blood vessel diameter was greater than that of other studies [the mean blood vessel diameter of a typical biopsy and confocal microscopy study was 87.72±3.21 μm (4)]. The result of our previous study (17) was 94.61±20.09 μm. The explanation for this might be collapse of blood vessels ex vivo and dehydration of pathological sections, so that the mean blood vessel diameter measured on pathological sections was smaller than that on OCT images in vivo .…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 76%

“…The average diameter of dilated capillaries in patients with PWS is usually greater then 50 μm, in contrast to a vessel diameter of 10 μm in normal skin (17–21). This OCT system has an axial resolution of l0 μm, thus we could not visualize the normal skin capillaries while it was possible to identify the dilated capillaries in the papillary layer of the PWSs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…In a previous study (17) we obtained the structural parameters of PWSs including epidermal thickness, diameter and depth of dilated blood vessels by comparing the OCT image of PWS lesions and contralateral normal skin in 41 patients, but we failed to obtain the corresponding histopathological sections.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Imaging of skin microvessels with optical coherence tomography: potential uses in port wine stains

Zhou

Yin

Xue

et al. 2012

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

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The knowledge of vascular structures of port wine stains (PWSs) may be useful to select treatment doses and improve therapeutic efficacy. Biopsies are impractical to implement, therefore, it is necessary to develop non-invasive techniques for morphological evaluation. This study aimed to evaluate the application of a novel optical coherence tomography (OCT) system to characterize the vascular structures of PWSs. First, OCT images were obtained from the skin of healthy rabbit ears and compared with the histopathological images. Second, OCT was used to document the differences between PWS lesions and contralateral normal skin; the size and depth of the vascular structures of two clinical types of PWSs were measured and statistically analyzed. The dermal blood vessels of healthy rabbit ears were clearly distinguished from other tissue. There was no statistical difference between the vascular diameter or depth measured by OCT images and histopathological sections (P>0.05). The OCT images of the PWSs could be distinguished from normal skin. There was no statistical difference in the depth of vessels between the purple-type and the proliferative-type PWSs (P>0.05), while there was statistical difference in the diameter of vessels between them (P<0.01). Therefore, OCT is a promising, real-time, in vivo and non-invasive tool with which to characterize the vascular structures of PWSs.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 76%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

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Imaging of skin microvessels with optical coherence tomography: potential uses in port wine stains

Zhou

Yin

Xue

et al. 2012

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

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“…6 ET correlates with laser dosage in PDT treatment, due to the epidermal absorption and scattering of light. 7 In our previous work, [8][9][10] manual line drawing method was used to measure ET in PWS OCT image. To obtain ET more rapidly and avoid user intervention, an automated algorithm is needed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Automated Assessment of Epidermal Thickness and Vascular Density of Port Wine Stains Oct Image

Wang

Huo

Zheng

et al. 2014

J. Innov. Opt. Health Sci.

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Optical coherence tomography (OCT) enables in vivo imaging of port wine stains (PWS) lesions. The knowledge of vascular structure and epidermal thickness (ET) of PWS may aid the objective diagnosis and optimal treatment. To obtain the structural parameters more rapidly and avoid user intervention, an automated algorithm of energy map is introduced based on intensity and edge information to extract the skin surface using dynamic programming method. Subsequently, an averaged A-scan analysis is performed to obtain the mean ET and the relative intensity of dermis indicating the corresponding vascular density. This approach is currently successfully applied in clinical diagnosis and shows promising guidance and assessment of PDT treatment.

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“…This implies that PDT involves relatively slow processes. The capillary lesion is destroyed, but it may take nearly two weeks for the macrophages to collect and ingest the remnants of the capillary [15]. Therefore, the patient would need a month to recover before the next treatment.…”

Section: Clinical Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Handheld optical coherence tomography device for photodynamic therapy

Wang

Huang

et al. 2012

Chin. Sci. Bull.

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Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a very effective treatment for port wine stains (PWS). To guide and assess PDT treatment, a handheld optical coherence tomography (OCT) probe was designed for real-time imaging of the PWS patient. The system uses a light source with a center wavelength of 1310 nm, 3 dB bandwidth of 90 nm and an optical power of 9 mW. The system also has a spatial resolution of 8 m (lateral) × 7 m (axial), an imaging rate of 4 frames per second, and a 102 dB sensitivity. We then demonstrate that the OCT imaging system can clearly distinguish between normal and PWS tissues. Therefore, the system can provide valuable guidance for PDT treatment. A port-wine stain (PWS) is a vascular birthmark consisting of superficial and deep dilated vascular capillaries in the skin, which produces a reddish to purplish discoloration of the skin. They are named for their color, which resembles that of port wine. It is part of the family of disorders known as vascular malformations. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is widely used in port-wine stain treatment [1][2][3][4]. First, patients are injected with a photosensitizer, and then exposed to laser radiation. The laser dissociation product of the photosensitizer destroys the capillary in the lesion without any damage to the skin. Therefore, PDT is a very effective technique and is widely used to cure PWS. A variety of photosensitizers have been studied [5][6][7]. Recently, multi-photon spectroscopic behaviors and nanostructures have been shown to affect the performance of the photosensitizer and attracted much attention [8][9][10]. However, because of the lack of real-time surgical guidance and noninvasive treatment assessments, PDT treatments are generally conservative, and the dose of laser exposure is primarily based on the doctor's previous experience. Although a laser Doppler rheometer can provide the mean velocity and the concentration of moving red blood cells in the superficial skin layers, it provides no depth information and fails to show the skin structure. This is crucial in determining the appropriate laser dose. Ultrasound imaging can supply the depth-resolved structure information, but its spatial resolution is too low for general PWS diagnosis in clinics. The diameters of the vascular capillaries of a PWS patient are typically between 10 and 100 microns. However, the resolution of ultrasound imaging is only on the millimeter or sub-millimeter scale. Biopsies can provide morphological information for skin, but they are invasive and cannot be done in real time. This treatment option is unacceptable for facial PWS patients because the biopsy may create a scar on the face of the patient. Therefore, a noninvasive and real-time cross-sectional

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Imaging port wine stains by fiber optical coherence tomography

Cited by 48 publications

References 41 publications

Imaging of skin microvessels with optical coherence tomography: potential uses in port wine stains

Imaging of skin microvessels with optical coherence tomography: potential uses in port wine stains

Automated Assessment of Epidermal Thickness and Vascular Density of Port Wine Stains Oct Image

Handheld optical coherence tomography device for photodynamic therapy

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