Imaging the kidney using magnetic resonance techniques

Abstract

(2016) Imaging the kidney using magnetic resonance techniques: structure to function. Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension, 25 (6). pp. 487-493. ISSN 1473-6543 Access from the University of Nottingham repository: http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/39487/1/REVIEW_RENAL_EPRINTS_ALL.pdf Copyright and reuse:The Nottingham ePrints service makes this work by researchers of the University of Nottingham available open access under the following conditions. This article is made available under the University of Nottingham End User licence and may be reused according to the conditions of the licence. For more details see: http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/end_user_agreement.pdf A note on versions:The version presented here may differ from the published version or from the version of record. If you wish to cite this item you are advised to consult the publisher's version. Please see the repository url above for details on accessing the published version and note that access may require a subscription. Recent findingsA number of MRI techniques have been developed that provide non-invasive measures of relevance to the pathophysiology of kidney disease. Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) has been used in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and renal transplantation, and appears promising as a measure of renal impairment and fibrosis. Longitudinal relaxation time (T1) mapping has been utilised in cardiac MRI to measure fibrosis and oedema; recent work suggests its potential for assessment of the kidney. Blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) MRI to measure renal oxygenation has been extensively studied, but a number of other factors affect results making it hard to draw definite conclusions as to its utility as an independent measure. Phase contrast and arterial spin labelling (ASL) can measure renal artery blood flow and renal perfusion respectively without exogenous contrast, in contrast to dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) studies. Current data on clinical use of such functional renal MR measures is largely restricted to cross-sectional studies. SummaryRenal MRI has seen significant recent interest and advances. Current evidence demonstrates its potential, and next steps include wider evaluation of its clinical application.3

Longitudinal assessment of rabbit renal fibrosis induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction using two‐dimensional susceptibility weighted imaging

“…4,5 Renal biopsy is the standard method for assessing renal fibrosis. Several MRI techniques, [9][10][11] including blood oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) imaging and diffusion weighted imaging (DWI), have also been used to assess renal fibrosis. 6 Ultrasound has shown some promising results in measuring renal cortical stiffness.…”

“…7,8 However, the results were controversial and influenced by blood pressure and intra-and interobserver variability. Several MRI techniques, [9][10][11] including blood oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) imaging and diffusion weighted imaging (DWI), have also been used to assess renal fibrosis. However, the results for DWI were controversial.…”

Magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of renal ischaemia–reperfusion injury in a rabbit model

“…Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), including T2‐weighted imaging (T2WI), T2 * W imaging, arterial spin labelling, blood oxygen level‐dependency (BOLD) imaging and diffusion‐weighted imaging, provides promising new techniques for evaluation of renal pathophysiology (Mahmoud et al . ; Zhou et al . ).…”

Intravoxel Incoherent Motion and Arterial Spin Labeling MRI Analysis of Reversible Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction in Rats

“…With the development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technology, studies utilizing functional (fMRI), including diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) and perfusion MRI with arterial spin labeling (ASL), have been employed in clinical applications …”

“…3 With the development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technology, studies utilizing functional (fMRI), including diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and perfusion MRI with arterial spin labeling (ASL), have been employed in clinical applications. 4 DWI reflects the random Brownian motion of water molecules in tissues and measures the extent and direction of localized confinement, which indirectly reflects changes in the microstructure. Some reports have shown that renal apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values can be used as a sensitive index of the degree of fibrosis.…”