Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquid Dissolution Influence on Crystallinity of Oil Palm Frond, Oil Palm Trunk and Elephant Grass Lignocellulosic Biomass

Kamarludin, Siti Norsyarahah Che; Ubong, Sandra; Idris, Nadzeerah; Azmi, Intan Suhada; Jainal, Muhammad Syafiq; Jalil, Rafidah; Omar, Wan Siti Atikah Wan; Mulok, Tengku Elida Tengku Zainal; Safaai, Nor Sharliza Mohd; Azizan, Amizon

doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.911.307

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The sharper peak of untreated OPF and bamboo was due to the strong crystal- line structure of the cellulose. In contrary, the amorphous treated biomass produced broader peak, and this was consistent with the previous study [27].…”

Section: Characterization Of [Bmim][cl]-nonsolublesupporting

confidence: 93%

Liquefaction Behaviors of Oil Palm Frond and Bamboo in 1-Butyl-3-Methylimidazolium Chloride

Tai

Asmadi

Ali

2018

Bull. Chem. React. Eng. Catal.

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Oil palm and bamboo are two of the most widely used biomass in the world nowadays as they can be converted into many valuable products. However, they are very difficult to be hydrolyzed and converted into other products because of their tight and strong hydrogen bonding between the lignin and polysaccharides. Ionic liquid (IL) is said to be the most ideal solvent to dissolve those biomass. Thus, in this research, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([BMIM][Cl]) was chosen to liquefy oil palm frond (OPF) and bamboo. The objective of this research was to compare the reaction behaviors of OPF and bamboo in [BMIM][Cl] at different treatment time. OPF and bamboo were heated at 120 °C for 2-24 hours under atmospheric pressure. Two fractions were obtained, namely [BMIM][Cl]-soluble and -nonsoluble. The non-soluble fractions were characterized using TGA, FTIR, XRD and FESEM while the soluble fractions were analyzed using HPLC. Based on the results obtained from the analyses, the effectiveness of [BMIM][Cl] in dissolving OPF was higher than bamboo as it was made up of less complex and compact cell wall structure. This structure allowed the diffusion of [BMIM][Cl] into the interior of OPF more easily to break down the hydrogen bonding network. Holocelluloses and lignin of OPF solubilized into [BMIM][Cl] more rapidly due to the greater distortion in hydrogen bonding network of the cell wall with the increase in treatment time compared to bamboo. Moreover, the mono-sugars of OPF were formed much easily than bamboo after short period (2 hours) of treatment. Copyright © 2018 BCREC Group. All rights reservedReceived: 28th November 2017; Revised: 4th June 2018; Accepted: 9th June 2018How to Cite: Tai, Z.S., Asmadi, M., Ali, N. (2018). Liquefaction Behaviors of Oil Palm Frond and Bamboo in 1-Butyl-3-Methylimidazolium Chloride. Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis, 13 (3): 447-455 (doi:10.9767/bcrec.13.3.1085.447-455)Permalink/DOI: https://doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.13.3.1085.447-455

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Section: Characterization Of [Bmim][cl]-nonsolublesupporting

confidence: 93%

Liquefaction Behaviors of Oil Palm Frond and Bamboo in 1-Butyl-3-Methylimidazolium Chloride

Tai

Asmadi

Ali

2018

Bull. Chem. React. Eng. Catal.

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“…Examples of the ILs that have been studied include [Cl]. Some of the post treatment observations by using IL as a pretreatment solvent include; (1) higher glucose content after enzymatic reactions due to effective disruption, (2) a decrease in the degree of polymerization, (3) cellulose rich and hemicellulose rich achieved, (4) changes in crystalline structure of the cellulose, and (5) structure disruption increase the surface area [2][3] [24][25] [26].…”

Section: Grass Feed Straw and Stalkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Biofuel Production

Kamarludin

Jainal

Azizan

et al. 2014

AMM

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Lignocellulosic biomass (LB) sources which are readily available in abundance are widely considered as a potential future sustainable raw materials for biofuel production. Typically, biofuel production involved several chemical and mechanical steps consisting of pretreatment, hydrolysis, fermentation and separation. The pretreatment step is considered as one of the most vital part of the whole processing scheme due to the impact it had on the efficiency of the subsequent processing steps. In this study we reviewed the mechanical pretreatment of LB focusing mainly on the size reduction technique by grinding process. Grinding is one of the proven preliminary pretreatment techniques employed in biomass conversion to liquid biofuel. However, this technique is known to be costly due to high energy consumption. In view of this, an efficient and cost effective pretreatment technology is required in order for the biofuel to be produced at a competitive level. At the same time, the impact on environment caused by the conventional pretreatment processes can be minimized. Thus, a new combined chemical-mechanical pretreatment is considered whereby a green ionic liquid (IL) solvent is introduced.

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“…While, qualitative evaluations basically relate to cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin of the LCB. Some solvents deconstruct, break down and solubilize [3,4] semi-crystalline cellulose and hemicellulose during pretreatment. Physicochemical pretreatment with high temperature and pressure for certain duration of time, disrupt the fibrils structure in LCB due to rapid depressurization [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concerns on Analytical Results Involving Infrared to Microscopic Data Dealing with Ionic Liquids in Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass

Azizan

Mokti

Zaharudin

et al. 2019

KEM

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Lignocellulosic biomass containing cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin is significantly analyzed via methods from infrared to microscopy. These methods help researchers to explore the organic or inorganic functional groups and physical surface impacts microscopically on the particles of the pretreated biomass. Some concerns arise in understanding the data results. An investigation with the presence of ionic liquids on Leucaena Leucocephala (Petai Belalang), Acacia Auriculiformis and Melastoma Malabathricum (Senduduk) are reported via the results of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrum (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The model ionic liquids as green solvents used are 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Acetate (EMIMAc) and 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride (EMIMCl). This work is very essential to sustain preliminary reliable understanding on the chemical and physical effects on lignocellulosic biomass during pretreatment with solvents.

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Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquid Dissolution Influence on Crystallinity of Oil Palm Frond, Oil Palm Trunk and Elephant Grass Lignocellulosic Biomass

Cited by 6 publications

References 7 publications

Liquefaction Behaviors of Oil Palm Frond and Bamboo in 1-Butyl-3-Methylimidazolium Chloride

Liquefaction Behaviors of Oil Palm Frond and Bamboo in 1-Butyl-3-Methylimidazolium Chloride

Mechanical Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Biofuel Production

Concerns on Analytical Results Involving Infrared to Microscopic Data Dealing with Ionic Liquids in Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass

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