Immediate and Long-Term Retention for Pictorial and Verbal Stimuli

Abstract

Although nouns of high imagery are generally recalled better than nouns of low imagery, both Palermo and Yuille have shown that retention for the former decreases with time. The present study tested the hypothesis that this decreased effectiveness occurs because images stored in long-term memory are accessible only through their verbal labels. 64 subjects were presented pictures and later asked to draw them or provide one-word descriptions. Other subjects were presented words and asked to recall them or draw representational pictures. Recall was tested immediately and 48 hr. later. Regardless of recall mode, subjects viewing pictures showed significantly greater recall than subjects viewing words, and for all subjects immediate recall was better.

Physiognomy and Verbal Synesthesia Compared: Affective and Intersensory Descriptions of Nouns With Drawing and Art

“…Visual materials add concreteness and imagery to learning and recall, which facilitate their processing and retrieval (Pezdek & Stevens, 1984;Purdy & Luepnitz, 1982), and visual aids together with verbal material yield even stronger associations. (For a review of the value of pictures in an educational context, especially when contrasted with prose, see Willows & Houghton, 1987.…”

Cartoon Characters as Tobacco Warning Labels

“…Pictures produce greater recall than words. 29,30 In addition, larger type, contrasting color, and standard position represent familiar advertising design elements capable of enhancing attention. To increase the size of the warning, the length of the warning would need to be shortened considerably.…”

An image is worth a thousand words: the effects of visual health warnings in the decrease of tobacco consumption: a research from the perspective of social marketing

“…Debido a los pobres resultados obtenidos, resumidos anteriormente, un gran número de investigadores, entre los que citamos a Myers et al (1981), Daube (1982), Purdy y Luepnitz (1982), Riley et al (1982), Bhalla y Lastovicka (1984), Linthwaite (1985), Wogalter et al (1987), Magat et al (1988), Popper y Murray (1989), Wogalter et al (1989), Cragg (1990), Jaynes y Boles (1990), Young y Wogalter (1990), Beede, Lawson y Shepherd (1991), Young (1991), Laughery et al (1993), Barlow y Wogalter (1993), Fischer et al (1993), Naett y Howie (1993), Borland (1997), Liefeld (1999), Mahood (1999), Nilsson (1999), Duffy y Burton (2000), Hammond et al (2003), Hammond (2004), Hoeck et al (2005) y Hammond et al (2006), han cuestionado los esfuerzos necesarios para conseguir que las advertencias sanitarias sean más eficaces. Para ello, han experimentado con distintos elementos, como el tamaño (incremento de las palabras y formato de los anuncios), la forma (formas originales y presencia de iconos), el contraste de colores, la longitud del texto (más corto, más directo y simple), el contenido y el tono (uso de visuales chocantes).…”