Immobilization and electrochemical redox behavior of cytochrome c on fullerene film-modified electrodes

Recent Advances in Electrochemical Biosensors Based on Fullerene‐C60 Nano‐structured Platforms

“…(a) Au-SAM/AuNPs-Linker/Fullerenols/TvL composite material assembly, adapted from [88] and (b) proposed mechanism of cyt c immobilization and electrochemical reduction by C60-Pd polymer film modified electrode, adapted from [89].…”

“…One example of the application of the fullerene film modified electrodes for immobilizing a cyt c has been reported by D'Souza et al [89]. Two types of fullerene film modified electrodes were utilized for immobilization of cyt c. One involves an electrochemically-conditioned fullerene drop-coated film electrode and the other an electro-polymerized fullerene, cross-linked with palladium acetate complex film electrode.…”

Fullerenes in Electrochemical Catalytic and Affinity Biosensing: A Review

“…Partially reduced fullerene possesses a structure with a polar or negatively charged outside and an apolar inside which resembles biomembranes, and raised the possibility of using fullerenes as solid state modifiers to enhance the electrochemistry and stability of immobilized biomolecules compared to bare electrodes. D'Souza et al [35] reported the stable immobilization of cyt c on two types of fullerene film modified electrodes: one involving an electrochemically-conditioned fullerene drop-coated film and, another, an electro-polymerized fullerene-cross-linked with palladium acetate complex (C 60 -Pd) film (see Figure 3). More effective cyt c immobilization and DET was observed at the C 60 -Pd polymer film-modified electrodes.…”

“…From the discussed works, it is deduced that fullerene-C 60 and derivatives not only provide a suitable immobilization platform for DNA and antibodies, but have also the ability to induce a proper orientation in redox-active proteins, allowing for the direct electron transfer of enzymes and other proteins such as cyt c [35], GOx [13,31], Hb [18] and laccase [6,33]. Fullerene nanomaterials can act also as efficient nanocarriers due to the high surface area and good biocompatibility in the preparation of electrochemical biosensors with enhanced sensitivity [17].…”

“…Moreover, these materials have been used as redox nanoprobes to prepare electrochemical affinity biosensors through the synthesis of hydrophilic C 60 -based nanomaterials and exploiting the inner redox activity of C 60 [15]. While C 60 and derivatives have been used as electrode modifiers in catalytic biosensors, in electrochemical affinity biosensors they have been employed as electrode modifiers [1,5,6,[9][10][11][12][13]18,24,[31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38], nanocarriers [15,17,19] and redox nanoprobes [15]. Although most of the work has been done in developing catalytic biosensors and immunosensors, there is no doubt that fullerenes can be used as an active material in biosensing devices for the determination of biomolecules of a genetic nature.…”