Immobilization of American Beaver (Castor canadensis) with Nalbuphine, Medetomidine, and Azaperone

Roug, Annette; Lance, William R.; Vroom, Tiana; Gardner, Russel; DeBloois, Darren; Talley, Heather

doi:10.7589/2018-10-260

Cited by 9 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…According to Roug et al, three drugs were used in combinations to anesthetize the American beaver: 0.43 mg/kg of body weight for medetomidine, 1.09 mg/kg for nalbuphine, and 0.36 mg/kg for azaperone. In this formulation, the animals were not anesthetized and were only immobilized to some extent [14].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of nalbuphine and investigation of several mixtures of nalbuphine with other drugs for BALB/c mice anesthesia

Taghizadeh

Hajizade

2023

Journal of Heterocyclic Chem

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In this research, the conversion of thebaine into oxycodone was achieved using oxidizing reagents, with a yield of 80%. Subsequently, oxycodone was converted into oxymorphone in the presence of an acidic environment, resulting in a yield of 55%. The synthesized oxymorphone was then de‐methylated using ethyl chloroformate to obtain the intermediate noroxymorphone. The latter was further transformed into nalbuphone using cyclobutyl methyl bromide reagent, with a yield of 82%. Finally, nalbuphone was converted into nalbuphine using a reducing reagent, with a yield of 75%. The identification of all intermediates was ensured through the use of NMR, FT‐IR, Mass, and HPLC spectroscopy. The chemical transformations were primarily associated with the formation of noroxymorphone, which served as a crucial intermediate in the synthesis of nalbuphin. Additionally, the effects of three drugs, namely azaperone, medetomidine, and nalbuphine, were investigated on BALB/c mice. The results showed that the best formulation for short‐term anesthesia of mice was a combination of the three drugs, each at a concentration of 1 mg/kg of body weight.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of nalbuphine and investigation of several mixtures of nalbuphine with other drugs for BALB/c mice anesthesia

Taghizadeh

Hajizade

2023

Journal of Heterocyclic Chem

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“…A deeper anesthetic level is required for surgery than for traditional radiomarking, and animals undergoing surgical procedures may be more likely to require supplemental oxygen and assistance with temperature control (Fiorello et. al 2016, Roug et al 2019). Additionally, the drugs used to chemically immobilize animals in the field are often controlled substances regulated by the United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA).…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Medetomidine (Domitor® [medetomidine hydrochloride, Pfizer Animal Health, New York, NY, USA) is a drug closely related to dexmedetomidine (Ko et al 2009, Hoy and Keating 2011) and has been used to sedate otters in several studies (Spelman et al 1994, Fernandez‐Moran et al 2001, Soto‐Azat et al 2004, Soto‐Azat et al 2006). Medetomidine and nalbuphine have been used on Rocky Mountain elk ( Cervus elaphus nelsoni ), and a combination of medetomidine, nalbuphine, and azaperone was used to sedate American black bears ( Ursus americanus ), American bison ( Bison bison ), and American beaver ( C. canadensis ) (Wolfe et al 2014, 2016, 2017; Roug et al 2019).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Field surgery is frequently used as an alternative to surgeries in indoor facilities (Garshelis and Siniff 1983, Arnemo et al 2018, Bino et al 2018, but can present challenges to providing acceptable conditions for surgery, such as maintaining sterile technique (Mulcahy 2013. A deeper anesthetic level is required for surgery than for traditional radiomarking, and animals undergoing surgical procedures may be more likely to require supplemental oxygen and assistance with temperature control , Roug et al 2019. Additionally, the drugs used to chemically immobilize animals in the field are often controlled substances regulated by the United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA).…”

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confidence: 99%

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River otter chemical immobilization and field surgery using nonscheduled drugs

Gettelman

Nielsen

Scimeca

et al. 2022

Wildlife Society Bulletin

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Radiotelemetry provides valuable information about wildlife populations that is often unattainable using other methods. Many vertebrate species can carry radiotransmitters on collarsor harnesses, but radiotelemetry can be more problematic for other species. River otters (Lontra canadensis) are typically radiomarked by surgically implanting intra-abdominal transmitters under general anesthesia. However, surgical requirements and restrictions on some immobilizing drugs may limit options for implanting river otters with radiotransmitters in the field.To address these issues, we developed a protocol for chemically immobilizing live-captured river otters with nonscheduled drugs (by estimated weight class; dexmedetomidine 0.06 mg/kg and nalbuphine 1.2 mg/kg) and conducting field surgeries at capture sites. We surgically implanted 23 river otters with radiotransmitters in southern Illinois during November 2018−March 2020. A plane of anesthesia suitable for surgery was maintained with isoflurane (1−4%). After surgery, capture drugs were reversed with atipamezole and river otters were typically released in 30−60 min. We recorded one surgery-related mortality and one post-surgery mortality.Our surgical method for radiomarking river otters minimized stress and handling time without compromising their health and demonstrated the efficacy of less-restricted chemical immobilization agents for river otters.

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“…It is an effective, low-volume unscheduled drug combination with field immobilization practicality for many species including Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni), American black bear (Ursus americanus), American bison (Bison bison), bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis), and aoudad (Ammotragus lervia) (Wolfe et al 2014b(Wolfe et al , 2016(Wolfe et al , 2017Thomas et al 2022). However, NAM did not induce desirable levels of immobilization, or there was extreme variation in levels of sedation, in American beaver (Castor canadensis) and feral pigs (Sus scrofa; Ellis et al 2019;Roug et al 2019). Thus, additional studies on diverse wildlife species are needed to further explore the utility and efficacy of NAM.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Immobilization of Raccoons (Procyon lotor) with Nalbuphine, Medetomidine, and Azaperone

Doub,

Thompson,

Korns

et al. 2023

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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Immobilization of American Beaver (Castor canadensis) with Nalbuphine, Medetomidine, and Azaperone

Cited by 9 publications

References 9 publications

Synthesis of nalbuphine and investigation of several mixtures of nalbuphine with other drugs for BALB/c mice anesthesia

Synthesis of nalbuphine and investigation of several mixtures of nalbuphine with other drugs for BALB/c mice anesthesia

River otter chemical immobilization and field surgery using nonscheduled drugs

Immobilization of Raccoons (Procyon lotor) with Nalbuphine, Medetomidine, and Azaperone

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