Immune activation and inflammation in HIV‐1 infection: causes and consequences

Appay, Victor; Sauce, Delphine

doi:10.1002/path.2276

Cited by 631 publications

(585 citation statements)

References 152 publications

(145 reference statements)

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“…Moreover, CD4 senescent T cells also express NK cell‐related receptors and high levels of granzyme B and perforin, which may be important for protection against infections in vivo (Appay & Sauce, 2008). Altogether, pro‐inflammatory factors included within the SASP of senescent T cells can cause adverse or positive effects on surrounding nonsenescent cells.…”

Section: Cellular Senescence and Immune Cell Fate Decisionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellular senescence impact on immune cell fate and function

et al. 2016

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SummaryCellular senescence occurs not only in cultured fibroblasts, but also in undifferentiated and specialized cells from various tissues of all ages, in vitro and in vivo. Here, we review recent findings on the role of cellular senescence in immune cell fate decisions in macrophage polarization, natural killer cell phenotype, and following T‐lymphocyte activation. We also introduce the involvement of the onset of cellular senescence in some immune responses including T‐helper lymphocyte‐dependent tissue homeostatic functions and T‐regulatory cell‐dependent suppressive mechanisms. Altogether, these data propose that cellular senescence plays a wide‐reaching role as a homeostatic orchestrator.

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Section: Cellular Senescence and Immune Cell Fate Decisionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellular senescence impact on immune cell fate and function

et al. 2016

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“…Those studies have shown that the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon (IFN)-γ, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), are capable of activating the enzyme indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) [30][31][32], a tryptophan-degrading enzyme that oxidizes tryptophan to n-formylkynurenine. A hallmark of HIV infection is the presence of abnormal levels of immune activation and inflammation with high concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines, and high plasma LPS levels [33]. Therefore, activation of IDO by inflammatory signals was expected in HIV infection.…”

Section: Depression In Hiv-infected Patients 217mentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk of clinically significant depression in HIV‐infected patients: effect of antiretroviral drugs

et al. 2013

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ObjectivesWe aimed to characterize depression in newly diagnosed HIV-infected patients, to determine the effect of antiretroviral therapy (ART) on its incidence, and to investigate whether efavirenz use was associated with a higher risk, compared with non-efavirenz-containing regimens, in the Spanish CoRIS cohort. MethodsCoRIS is a contemporary, multicentre cohort of HIV-infected patients, antiretroviral-naïve at entry, launched in 2004. Poisson regression models were used to investigate demographic, clinical and treatment-related factors associated with a higher incidence of clinically significant depression to October 2010. ResultsIn total, 5185 patients (13 089 person-years) participated in the study, of whom 3379 (65.2%) started ART during follow-up. The incidence rates of depression before and after starting ART were 11.68 [95% confidence interval (CI) 9.01-15.15] and 7.06 (95% CI 5.45-9.13) cases per 1000 person-years, respectively. After adjustment, there was an inverse association between the occurrence of depression and the initiation of ART [incidence rate ratio (IRR) 0.53; 95% CI 0.28-0.99], while the likelihood of depression increased in patients of age > 50 years (IRR 1.94;. Longer exposure to ART was associated with a decreased IRR of depression in unadjusted and adjusted analyses. The IRR for patients receiving < 2, 2-4 and > 4 years of ART was 0.72 (95% CI 0.36-1.44), 0.10 (95% CI 0.04-0.25) and 0.05 (95% CI 0.01-0.17), respectively, compared with ART-naïve patients. This protective effect was also observed when durations of exposure to nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based regimens and efavirenz-containing regimens were analysed separately. ConclusionsThe incidence of clinically significant depression was lower among HIV-infected patients on ART. The protective effect of ART was also observed with efavirenz-containing regimens. Mood disorders may negatively affect medication adherence, disease progression and mortality in HIV-infected patients [5][6][7]. Depressive symptoms at the time of initiating combined antiretroviral therapy (ART) have been associated with slower virological suppression [8] and more rapid virological failure in patients initially responding to nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-based regimens [9]. A number of studies have reported significantly worse outcomes in depressed compared with nondepressed HIV-infected persons, even after adjusting for adherence [9,10].Risk factors for mood disorders in HIV-infected individuals remain largely unknown and there is limited information about the effect that ART might have on their occurrence. A few small observational studies in the early era of combined ART reported a lower prevalence of depression among persons on ART than in those not receiving ART [11], and a possible improvement in depressive symptoms during therapy with protease inhibitors (PIs) was observed [12]. However, there have been no systematic studies assessing the impact of ART on the incidence of depression.ART in persons with mood di...

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“…The analysis of Cozzi-Lepri et al 27 in 2011 also demonstrated a high correlation between VL increase, following treatment interruption, versus a decline of CD4+ T and increases in the production of IL-6, TNF-α and IL-10 by macrophages and/or monocytes. This suggests that the effect of HIV replication in these cells can constitute a critical pathway of HIV induction mediated by immune activation and inflammation, as well as a consequent immunological deficiency 27,64 . Nevertheless, under drug compliance and a good response to therapy, studies have shown that the impact of cART in immune reconstitution is closely related to the reduction of immunological activation due to a decline in VL 65 .…”

Section: Persistent Inflammatory Status After Cart Initiatementioning

confidence: 99%

Immunovirological parameters and cytokines in HIV infection

Tasca

Calvi

Souza

2012

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

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Although modern combined antiretroviral therapies (cART) result in lower morbidity and mortality and a visible improvement of clinical and laboratory parameters in HIV-infected, it is known that their long-term use contributes to appearance of the many events unrelated to AIDS such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer and osteoporosis, comorbidities which have been proposed as some of the most important that deprive the majority of infected to present an even better prognosis. This is because even with a decrease in inflammation and immune activation after drug intervention to the patient, these parameters remain higher than those shown by healthy individuals and the imbalance of cytokine profiles also persists. Therefore, evaluations of other biomarkers in clinical practice are needed to complement the exams already carried out routinely and allow more effective monitoring of HIV patients. This review aims to investigate the role of cytokines as potential markers showing studies on their behavior in various stages of HIV infection, with or without cART.

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Immune activation and inflammation in HIV‐1 infection: causes and consequences

Cited by 631 publications

References 152 publications

Cellular senescence impact on immune cell fate and function

Cellular senescence impact on immune cell fate and function

Risk of clinically significant depression in HIV‐infected patients: effect of antiretroviral drugs

Immunovirological parameters and cytokines in HIV infection

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