Immune Deficiency Syndrome in Children

Oleske, James M.

doi:10.1001/jama.1983.03330410031024

Cited by 408 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…He calls attention to a case of paediatric AIDS reported by Dr James Oleske, a paediatrician from Newark (Oleske et al 1983). The child in question was born in 1974 to a 16-year-old drug-addicted mother.…”

Section: (A) Vaccination In Burundimentioning

confidence: 99%

Untruths and consequences: the false hypothesis linking CHAT type 1 polio vaccination to the origin of human immunodeficiency virus

Plotkin

2001

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B

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A book published in 1999 hypothesized that the scientists who worked with the CHAT type 1 attenuated polio strain tested in the former Belgian Congo in the late 1950s had covertly prepared the vaccine in chimpanzee kidney cells contaminated with a simian immunode¢ciency virus, which evolved into HIV-1 group M. This paper summarizes the results of the investigation conducted by the author to determine the legitimacy of the accusation. Testimony by eyewitnesses, documents of the time, epidemiological analysis, and ancillary phylogenetic, virologic and PCR data all concur to reject the hypothesis as false and without factual foundation.

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Section: (A) Vaccination In Burundimentioning

confidence: 99%

Untruths and consequences: the false hypothesis linking CHAT type 1 polio vaccination to the origin of human immunodeficiency virus

Plotkin

2001

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B

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“…Attention is called to a case of pediatric AIDS reported by Dr. James Oleske [49], a pediatrician from Newark. The child in question was born in 1974 to a 16-year-old drugaddicted mother.…”

Section: Clinton Farms and The American Aids Epidemicmentioning

confidence: 99%

CHAT Oral Polio Vaccine Was Not the Source of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Group M for Humans

Gellin

Modlin

Plotkin

2001

Clinical Infectious Diseases

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A book published in 1999 hypothesized that the scientists who worked with the CHAT type 1 attenuated poliomyelitis strain, tested in the former Belgian Congo in the late 1950s, had covertly prepared the vaccine in chimpanzee kidney cells contaminated with a simian immunodeficiency virus, which evolved into human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M. This article summarizes the results of the investigation conducted by the author to determine the legitimacy of the accusation. Testimony by eyewitnesses, historical documents of the time, epidemiological analysis, and analysis of ancillary phylogenetic, virological, and polymerase chain reaction data all indicate that this hypothesis is false.Poliomyelitis is rapidly disappearing from the world, thanks in large part to the widespread use of the oral polio vaccine (OPV) strains developed by Albert Sabin. The precursors of the Sabin strains were those developed by Hilary Koprowski, first at the Lederle Laboratories and then at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia. The results of the first administration of OPV to humans were published by Koprowski et al. in 1952 [1] and concerned the TN strain, later identified as type 2 poliovirus. A type 1 strain, called SM, was reported in 1954 [2], and its descendant, a virus called "CHAT" was reported in 1957 [3]. The latter strain concerns us here, for in 1999, a British journalist published a book called The River: A Journal to the Source of HIV and AIDS [4], which proposed the hypothesis that CHAT had been produced in cells from chimpanzees that were contaminated with the simian precursor of HIV type 1 (HIV-1) group M, the major agent of the AIDS epidemic. This article examines that hypothesis in detail.For a proper understanding of the events recalled in this article, the state of polio vaccine development in the late 1950s is germane. In the late 1950s, obtaining cultures of kidney cells from rhesus monkeys was routine, and commercial laboratories were selling trypsinized kidneys or monolayer cultures in glass bottles. The plaque technique of Dulbecco and Vogt had also come into general use, permitting for the first time cloning (in the old sense) of genetically distinct virus populations. (Therefore, whereas both the early TN type 2 and SM type 1 attenuated strains of Koprowski had been attenuated in rodents, the SM strain was then further attenuated by alternate passages in chick embryo and cultures of monkey kidney cells.) However, the SM strain appeared to be too neurovirulent [5,6], and a substrain called SM-N90 was passed 4 times serially in humans by oral administration of filtered fecal virus, isolated after replication in the intestine. After the fourth human passage, the virus was plaqued 4 times ("plaque purification") in cultures of monkey kidney cells, and the resultant strain was renamed CHAT, after the name of the baby in whom the last human passage had been made.The plaque passage history was shown in detail in Koprowski's article ( figure 1) [3] . The sequence of plaque passage was plaque 9 to plaque 13 to...

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“…L'évolution des enfants VIH + a également été bouleversée par la géné-ralisation des antirétroviraux et les progrès considérables de leur déve-loppement sous des formes galéniques adaptées à la pédiatrie. En effet, 10 à 15 % des enfants infectés en période périnatale présentaient une 1983-2013 : trente ans de développement des antirétroviraux ont modifié drastiquement l'épidémie de VIH pédiatrique dans les pays développés Trente ans après les premières observations d'enfants atteints de Sida (syndrome de l'immunodéficience humaine acquise) [1,2], le développement de l'utilisation des antirétroviraux en prévention de la transmission de la mère à l'enfant (PTME) du virus de l'immunodéfi-cience humaine (VIH) a permis de décroître drastiquement le risque de transmission virale. La prévention de la transmission de la mère à l'enfant associe actuellement en France : (1) l'instauration précoce (au plus tard à 24 semaines d'aménorrhée) d'une multithérapie antirétro-virale chez toutes les femmes enceintes VIH + ; (2) en cas de mauvais contrôle de l'infection maternelle durant la grossesse, la réalisation d'une césarienne prophylactique et l'administration d'une perfusion périnatale de zidovudine (AZT) ; (3) l'administration aux nouveau-nés d'une prophylaxie par AZT, voire d'une bi-/trithérapie antirétrovirale en fonction du risque de transmission virale mère-enfant (TME) ; et (4) …”

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Infection de l’enfant par le VIH dans les pays industrialisés

2014

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> En 2013, 1500 enfants ont été suivis en France pour une infection à VIH (virus de l'immunodéficience humaine). Si le développement des antirétroviraux a permis une quasi-disparition de la mortalité infantile de ces enfants qui atteignent l'âge adulte dans une situation clinique relativement satisfaisante, leur prise en charge se heurte à d'indéniables difficultés : diagnostic souvent tardif, fréquents échecs virologiques sous traitement, évaluation quasi inexistante de la tolérance à moyen/long terme des antirétroviraux. Pour le futur, un enjeu majeur sera l'étude du contrôle fonctionnel du virus, que pourrait faciliter la précocité d'instauration des antirétroviraux, et qui pourrait permettre d'espérer un arrêt sans risque du traitement chez certains de ces enfants. <

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Immune Deficiency Syndrome in Children

Cited by 408 publications

References 9 publications

Untruths and consequences: the false hypothesis linking CHAT type 1 polio vaccination to the origin of human immunodeficiency virus

Untruths and consequences: the false hypothesis linking CHAT type 1 polio vaccination to the origin of human immunodeficiency virus

CHAT Oral Polio Vaccine Was Not the Source of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Group M for Humans

Infection de l’enfant par le VIH dans les pays industrialisés

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