Immune Response of Infants and Children to Low-Passage Bovine Rotavirus (Strain WC3)

Clark, H Fred

doi:10.1001/archpedi.1986.02140180084030

Cited by 57 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…25 Given that few wild-type human rotaviruses are cytopathic in cell culture unless adapted to culture by several blind passages, 19 failure to form plaques in the microbiological plaque assay categorized, for REST, the rotavirus present in the stool sample as wild-type rotavirus.…”

Section: Case Definition Of Rvge and Vaccine Virus Shedding In Restmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis by rotavirus gene 6 reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay of rotavirus-positive gastroenteritis cases observed during the vaccination phase of the Rotavirus Efficacy and Safety Trial (REST)

Matson

Vesikari

Dennehy

et al. 2014

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

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Section: Case Definition Of Rvge and Vaccine Virus Shedding In Restmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis by rotavirus gene 6 reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay of rotavirus-positive gastroenteritis cases observed during the vaccination phase of the Rotavirus Efficacy and Safety Trial (REST)

Matson

Vesikari

Dennehy

et al. 2014

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

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“…On the other hand, experimental studies in gnotobiotic piglets have been interpreted to indicate that some human RV strains can be adapted to replicate very efficiently in piglets, although direct comparison to wild-type homologous porcine RV replication in piglets has not been performed (5). A large body of epidemiologic data strongly supports the notion of the existence of substantial host range restriction elements for animal RV replication in humans (6)(7)(8)(9).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Permissive Replication of Homologous Murine Rotavirus in the Mouse Intestine Is Primarily Regulated by VP4 and NSP1

Feng

Yasukawa

et al. 2013

J Virol

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and the VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA Homologous rotaviruses (RV) are, in general, more virulent and replicate more efficiently than heterologous RV in the intestine of the homologous host. The genetic basis for RV host range restriction is not fully understood and is likely to be multigenic. In previous studies, RV genes encoding VP3, VP4, VP7, nonstructural protein 1 (NSP1), and NSP4 have all been implicated in strain-and host species-specific infection. These studies used different RV strains, variable measurements of host range, and different animal hosts, and no clear consensus on the host range restriction determinants emerged. We used a murine model to demonstrate that enteric replication of murine RV EW is 1,000-to 10,000-fold greater than that of a simian rotavirus (RRV) in suckling mice. Intestinal replication of a series of EW ؋ RRV reassortants was used to identify several RV genes that influenced RV replication in the intestine. The role of VP4 (encoded by gene 4) in enteric infection was strain specific. RRV VP4 reduced murine RV infectivity only slightly; however, a reassortant expressing VP4 from a bovine RV strain (UK) severely restricted intestinal replication in the suckling mice. The homologous murine EW NSP1 (encoded by gene 5) was necessary but not sufficient for promoting efficient enteric growth. Efficient enteric replication required a constellation of murine genes encoding VP3, NSP2, and NSP3 along with NSP1. Group A rotaviruses (RVs) are segmented double-stranded RNA viruses that replicate primarily in mature epithelial cells on the tips of the small intestinal villi (1). Rotavirus infection is ubiquitous among mammals; however, viral strains isolated from one host species tend to have diminished replication capacity and virulence in heterologous species. This host range restriction was the basis for two modified "Jennerian" RV vaccines, RotaShield and RotaTeq; animal rotaviruses that are naturally restricted for replication and virulence in humans were used as genetic backbones to produce these attenuated, live viral human vaccines. In the pentavalent RV vaccine Rotateq, for example, human rotavirus genes encoding VP7 of serotypes G 1, 2, 3, 4, and VP4 of serotype P1A (P[8]) were incorporated into bovine RV strain WC3. It was thought that the multivalent nature of this vaccine would induce neutralizing antibodies against the most common human RV serotypes but that it would be attenuated in susceptible infants because of host range restriction elements in its bovine (heterologous) RV backbone (2).Direct experimental evidence for host range restriction has been best demonstrated in the murine system, where all known heterologous RV strains replicate orders of magnitude less efficiently in suckling mice than do homologous murine strains (3, 4). On the other hand, experimental studies in gnotobiotic piglets have been interpreted to indicate that some human RV strains can be adapted to replicate very efficiently in piglets, although direct comparison to wild-t...

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“…These observations indicate that animal rotaviruses do not readily infect humans. It is known, however, that vaccine strains of bovine (Vesikari et al, 1983;Clark et al, 1986Clark et al, , 1988 and simian (Losonsky et al, 1986;Anderson et al, 1986) rotaviruses will infect humans but the amount of virus shed appeared to be orders of magnitude less than can occur during infection with human strains (Ward et al, 1984). Although reassortant formation between animal and human rotaviruses occurs readily after coinfection of cultured cells, a finding reported by many investigators, there is presently no evidence of reassortants between human and animal strains within natural human rotavirus isolates.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotypic Selection Following Coinfection of Cultured Cells with Subgroup 1 and Subgroup 2 Human Rotaviruses

Ward

Knowlton

1989

Journal of General Virology

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SUMMARYThe purpose of this study was to determine why identifiable reassortants between subgroup 1 and subgroup 2 rotaviruses have been so rarely isolated from human specimens. Cultured cells were coinfected with pairs of subgroup 1 and 2 human rotaviruses and passaged multiple times to simulate natural reassortant formation and selection in vivo. After coinfection of MA-104 cells with subgroup 1 (DS-1) and subgroup 2 (either Wa or P) strains, approximately 14~ of the plaque-picked progeny were shown to be reassortants. During multiple passages of these coinfected cultures, however, complete (Wa virus coinfection) or nearly complete (P virus coinfection) loss of detectable DS-1 segments from progeny was observed. Thus, when all segments of the subgroup 2 viruses were present in coinfected cultures, these segments dominated in the selected progeny. Coinfection with subgroup 1-subgroup 2 rotavirus reassortants and the DS-1 strain followed by multiple passages, however, resulted in complete loss of some segments from the subgroup 2 strains originally present in the reassortants.

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Immune Response of Infants and Children to Low-Passage Bovine Rotavirus (Strain WC3)

Cited by 57 publications

References 28 publications

Analysis by rotavirus gene 6 reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay of rotavirus-positive gastroenteritis cases observed during the vaccination phase of the Rotavirus Efficacy and Safety Trial (REST)

Analysis by rotavirus gene 6 reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay of rotavirus-positive gastroenteritis cases observed during the vaccination phase of the Rotavirus Efficacy and Safety Trial (REST)

Permissive Replication of Homologous Murine Rotavirus in the Mouse Intestine Is Primarily Regulated by VP4 and NSP1

Genotypic Selection Following Coinfection of Cultured Cells with Subgroup 1 and Subgroup 2 Human Rotaviruses

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