Immune response to rabies vaccine in Alaskan dogs: failure to achieve a consistently protective antibody response

Sage, G.; Khawplod, Pakamatz; Wilde, Henry; Lobaugh, C.; Hemachudha, Thiravat; Tepsumethanon, Weera; Lumlertdaecha, Boonlert

doi:10.1016/0035-9203(93)90099-c

Cited by 56 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…;Visee, 1996). Studies of domestic dogs have occasionally yielded similar results (Sage et al, 1993). Thus it seems likely that the single dose of vaccine given did not provide effective protection from rabies (Woodroffe, 1997).…”

Section: Vaccination Of Threatened Hostsmentioning

confidence: 82%

Managing disease threats to wild mammals

Woodroffe

1999

Animal Conservation

225

122

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Infectious disease is an emerging threat that conservationists are ill-equipped to manage. The threat is greatest for small populations, which can be driven to extinction by virulent pathogens; these are usually generalist pathogens that 'spill over' from other host species, often domestic animals. Recent attempts at disease control have taken a variety of forms, some directed at threatened hosts themselves, and others involving reservoir hosts. Thus far, few such attempts have demonstrated clear benefits of intervention, often because they were 'crisis management' tactics allowing no comparison with untreated controls. Design of future strategies is hampered by a lack of basic information concerning the pathogens that represent serious threats, their epidemiology in multiple-host systems, and the vaccination or treatment protocols likely to be most effective under field conditions. In general, vaccination and treatment will be most valuable in tiny populations facing very high extinction risks. However, interventions that are poorly planned or under-funded have the potential to do more harm than good. In larger populations, or over larger areas, intensive management may be inappropriate, unsustainable, or simply impractical. In these circumstances, managing population size, structure or contact between host species could offer promising alternatives to intervention.

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Section: Vaccination Of Threatened Hostsmentioning

confidence: 82%

Managing disease threats to wild mammals

Woodroffe

1999

Animal Conservation

225

122

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“…Rabies-specific virus-neutralizing antibody (VNA) titers were determined by the Rapid Fluorescent Focus Inhibition test (RFFIT) (16) using Challenge Virus Standard virus and including the World Health Organization international reference serum to determine international units (IU)/ml. Titers Ն0.5 IU/ml were considered positive (17,18), and titers exceeding 1.5 IU/ml were considered high. Saliva samples (n ϭ 303) were collected as serial samples from 52 individuals that chewed This paper was submitted directly (Track II) to the PNAS office.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regular exposure to rabies virus and lack of symptomatic disease in Serengeti spotted hyenas

East

Hofer

Cox

et al. 2001

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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We report a previously unrecognized complexity to the ecology of rabies in wildlife. Rabies-specific virus-neutralizing antibodies in spotted hyenas, the most numerous large carnivore in the Serengeti ecosystem (Tanzania, East Africa), revealed a high frequency of exposure of 37.0% to rabies virus, and reverse transcriptase (RT) PCR demonstrated rabies RNA in 13.0% of hyenas. Despite this high frequency, exposure neither caused symptomatic rabies nor decreased survival among members of hyena social groups monitored for 9 to13 years. Repeated, intermittent presence of virus in saliva of 45.5% of seropositive hyenas indicated a ''carrier'' state. Rabies isolates from Serengeti hyenas differed significantly (8.5% sequence divergence) from those isolated from other Serengeti carnivores, suggesting that at least two separate strains circulate within the Serengeti carnivore community. This finding is consistent with the fact that exposure in hyenas increased with age and social status, following a pattern predicted by intraspecific age and social-status-dependent oral and bite contact rates. High seroprevalence of rabies, low basic reproductive rate of the virus (R0) of 1.9, a carrier state, and the absence of symptomatic rabies in a carnivore in an ecosystem with multihost and multistrain maintenance has not been previously demonstrated for rabies. Because of the substantial differences between the hyena viral isolates and those from canids and viverrids in the Serengeti, it is unlikely that spotted hyenas were the source of rabies virus that killed several African wild dog packs in the Serengeti ecosystem in the 1990s.

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“…Dogs reared in developing countries generally produce lower antibody titers than dogs in Europe, while the latter produce lower titers than laboratory dogs. 5,6 Moreover, the first Tunisian vaccine campaigns were carried out using imported tissue culture vaccines. Since 1988, they have been done using a vaccine produced locally from lamb brains, but it has never been tested for potency on dogs.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Rabies mass vaccination campaigns in Tunisia: are vaccinated dogs correctly immunized?

Seghaier¹,

Cliquet²,

Hammami³

et al. 1999

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Among the 301 dogs vaccinated against rabies in a suburban area of Tunis, 165 were sero-surveyed for 13 months. One month after vaccination, 65% of the dogs less than 1 year of age and 76-84% of the older dogs had significant antibody titers. One month after annual revaccination, these percentages ranged between 92% and 100%. Puppies (less than 3 months old) responded to vaccination with no significant interference by passive maternal immunity. Based on these percentages, a 93% rate of protection may be expected for vaccinated dogs. This study confirms that all dogs (even those less than 3 months of age) must be vaccinated during mass campaigns. The expected protection conferred by locally produced potent vaccines reaches 79-99% based on the age of the dogs. The alleged relative inability of local dogs to respond to vaccination cannot explain the partial success of rabies control in Tunisia.

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Immune response to rabies vaccine in Alaskan dogs: failure to achieve a consistently protective antibody response

Cited by 56 publications

References 8 publications

Managing disease threats to wild mammals

Managing disease threats to wild mammals

Regular exposure to rabies virus and lack of symptomatic disease in Serengeti spotted hyenas

Rabies mass vaccination campaigns in Tunisia: are vaccinated dogs correctly immunized?

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