Immune responses in the human female reproductive tract

Abstract

Mucosal surfaces are key interfaces between the host and its environment but also constitute ports of entry for numerous pathogens. The gut and lung mucosae act as points of nutrient and gas exchange, respectively, but the physiological purpose of the female reproductive tract (FRT) is to allow implantation and development of the foetus. Our understanding of immune responses in the FRT has traditionally lagged behind our grasp of the situation at other mucosal sites but recently reproductive immunologists have begun to make rapid progress in this challenging area. Here, we review current knowledge of immune responses in the human FRT and their heterogeneity within and between compartments. In the commensal-rich vagina, the immune system must allow the growth of beneficial microbes, whereas the key challenge in the uterus is allowing the growth of the semi-allogeneic foetus.In both compartments, these objectives must be balanced with the need to eliminate pathogens. Our developing understanding of immune responses in the FRT will help us develop interventions to prevent the spread of sexually transmitted diseases and to improve outcomes of pregnancy for mothers and babies.

Revealing the Disturbed Vaginal Micobiota Caused by Cervical Cancer Using High-Throughput Sequencing Technology

“…The reduction of probiotics Lactobacillus and the overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria (e.g. Gardnerella vaginalis , Morbiluncus spp., Prevostella spp., Mycoplasma hominis and Atopobium vaginae ) could significantly increase the risk of sexually transmitted infections ( Monin et al., 2019 ). Moreover, the imbalance of vaginal microbiota could also cause female reproductive tract inflammation ( Martin, 2012 ) and adverse pregnancy outcomes ( Seale et al., 2016 ), which might seriously affect the occurrence and development of cervical cancer ( Kwasniewski et al., 2018 ).…”

Immunological fortification at our barrier organs: Protecting us as we age

“…This is beautifully illustrated in the female reproductive tract (FRT). In their review of immune responses in the FRT, Monin et al 1 highlight its dual identities. The lower regions of the FRT including the vagina are characterized by a multi-layered stratified squamous epithelium, a mucus layer containing antimicrobial peptides, antibodies and immune mediators, and a substantial Lactobacillusrich microbial community, forming a substantial physical and chemical barrier against invasive pathogens.…”

Ovarian odorant-like biomolecules in promoting chemotaxis behavior of spermatozoa olfactory receptors during migration, maturation, and fertilization

“…The uterine immune system also mirrors the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. This could invariably offer a deferent degree of barrier to sperm movement at various points in the cycle [37].…”