“…The Pacific white shrimp ( Litopenaeus vannamei ) is a commercially important shrimp species that is widely cultured in China because of its rapid growth, tender flesh, high nutritional value and ability to perform well in high‐density culture (Amaya, Davis, & Rouse, ). As previous studies reported, shrimps, like other invertebrates, depend on innate immune system rather than on non‐existent acquired immunity for protection against invading pathogens (Biswas et al., ). Besides, NT supplementation may meet the requirements of rapidly dividing and differentiating cells, and intestinal amelioration and repair and then improve gastrointestinal physiology and morphology (Burrells, Williams, & Forno, ; Cheng, Buentello, & Gatlin, ; Li & Gatlin, ).…”