Immunisation of cattle in Zimbabwe usingTheileria Parva (boleni) without concurrent tetracycline therapy

Kanhai, G. K.; Pegram, R. G.; Hargreaves, S K; Hove, T.; Dolan, T.T.

doi:10.1007/bf02632324

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The present study showed that the cattle‐derived T. parva Boleni, used to immunize cattle in Zimbabwe,4 and a buffalo‐derived stabilate could both produce a carrier state in buffaloes. The carrier parasites were transmissible to cattle, with the buffalo‐derived stabilate producing fatal reactions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

“…The present paper shows the results of epidemiological observations carried out on two game parks in the Highveld of Zimbabwe regarding the infectivity of ticks collected from buffalo‐grazed pastures to cattle and the carrier‐state in buffaloes after infection with the T. parva Boleni stabilate. This stabilate was registered as a vaccine under the name Blovac for vaccination of cattle against theileriosis in Zimbabwe 4…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Buffalo‐Associated Theileria parva: The Risk to Cattle of Buffalo Translocation into the Highveld of Zimbabwe

Latif

Hove

Kanhai³

et al. 2002

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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There has been an increase in the introduction of game animals, including African buffaloes, into the Highveld of Zimbabwe to establish private game reserves on condition that they are confined in separate and secured paddocks. Owing to shortages of pastures cattle were grazed in buffalo-grazed paddocks resulting in outbreaks of buffalo-derived theileriosis. This paper reports the results of epidemiological observations carried out on two game reserves to assess the risk of buffalo translocation. The infection rate with Theileria parasites in ticks collected from buffalo-grazed pastures was high and produced fatal theileriosis in susceptible cattle. Similarly, adult R. appendiculatus ticks artificially fed as nymphs on the buffaloes produced fatal infections in susceptible cattle. Theileria parva (Boleni), the vaccine used to immunize cattle against theileriosis, and a buffalo-derived T. parva stabilate (BV-1) were inoculated in naïve buffaloes to study the Theileria carrier-state in these animals. The two buffaloes that had received the Boleni stabilate showed no clinical theileriosis reaction; however, the ticks derived from them produced a subclinical reaction in one susceptible calf. The buffalo which had received stabilate BV-1 developed fever, high schizont parasitosis for 10 days and 15% piroplasms parasitemia. R. appendiculatus ticks fed as nymphs on this buffalo produced fatal theileriosis reaction in a susceptible calf.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Buffalo‐Associated Theileria parva: The Risk to Cattle of Buffalo Translocation into the Highveld of Zimbabwe

Latif

Hove

Kanhai³

et al. 2002

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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“…the Boleni stock) may be somewhat less virulent than most stocks of classical ECF (although it can be quite virulent: Uilenberg et al 1982) and antigenic diversity in the bovis type appears to be much more limited. It is possible to immunize against the disease by administering a sublethal dose of sporozoites, without using tetracyclines (Kanhai et al 1997), even though earlier attempts suggested that this approach might be too risky . A possible explanation for these different results might be an irregular distribution (clumping) of sporozoites in stabilates in the earlier experiments.…”

Section: History Of Immunizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This relationschip can be roughly evaluated through assessments of the clinical reactions of groups of cattle injected with serial dilutions of a stabilate. The immunization method developed in Zimbabwe (Kanhai et al 1997) is based on this principle.…”

Section: History Of Immunizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunization against diseases caused by Theileria parva: a review

Uilenberg

1999

Tropical Med Int Health

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Summary Theileria parva is the causative agent of three epidemiologically different diseases, East Coast fever (ECF), Corridor disease and January disease, caused by 3 types of T. parva, T. p. parva, T. p. lawrencei and T. p. bovis, respectively. The history of immunization against these diseases has been marked by salient discoveries such as the immune status in recovered animals, the activity of tetracyclines during the incubation period, the possibility for cryopreserving supernatant of prefed ticks and the development of useful serological tests. The possibility of simultaneous administration of stabilate and long‐acting tetracycline have greatly contributed to making the infection and treatment method operational. The importance of antigenic diversity in T. parva has been reflected in the difficulties related to the selection of the immunizing stock or combinations of stocks: a ‘cocktail’ of East African isolates may give broad protection against field challenge by ECF (T. parva parva), but Corridor disease is more problematic. On the other hand, certain single isolates may give equally good protection against ECF field challenge. Studies on the immunology of T. parva infection and the application of molecular tools have led to the discovery that sera of recovered animals neutralize sporozoites of various isolates, and to the p67 molecular vaccine; yet so far the only available method of immunizing against T. parva infections is the infection and treatment method or, in the case of T. parva bovis, the use of sublethal stabilate doses. Infection and treatment is applied on a fairly large scale in Zambia, and on a more limited scale in a few other countries. Immunity by this rather crude method is long‐lasting and solid, but cross‐immunity problems against some field strains remain. Furthermore, as immunized animals remain carriers, immunization may contribute to attaining and improving endemic stability in endemic areas in indigenous breeds with an adequate level of genetic tolerance to ECF. On the other hand, carrier animals may constitute a risk for spreading the disease into ECF‐free areas where the vector is present. Other disadvantages of the method are that immunization of cattle during the incubation of naturally contracted East Coast fever will not prevent the disease and jeopardize its reputation. Furthermore, stabilates have to be cryopreserved, often a technical drawback, and contamination with undesirable pathogens may occur in tick‐derived material. Therefore the need remains for the development of effective molecular vaccines and it must be remembered that immunization must be cost‐effective and sustainable and it is only one aspect of integrated control of theileriosis and other tick‐borne diseases. There is no universally valid strategy. Several factors have to be considered: value and susceptibility of cattle to theileriosis and to other tick‐borne and tick‐associated diseases, infestation by various ticks present in the area, the type of theileriosis (ECF, Corridor disease or January disease...

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“…It is disappointing, therefore, that 20 years have elapsed and little progress can be seen in the field application of immunization except in Zambia 2 and Zimbabwe. 3,4 This appears to be due to scientific and political opinion rather than technology. 5 Thus, most countries in Eastern and Central Africa remain totally dependent on tick control, which is very expensive and generally unsustainable.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Past and Present National Tick Control Programs: Why They Succeed or Fail

Pegram

Wilson

Hansen³

2000

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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The historical reasons for the introduction of tick control during the nineteenth century are reviewed. Background and concepts for the choice between long‐term tick control and tick eradication are compared. Case studies of large‐scale tick control or eradication programs in Africa, Australia, the United States, and the Caribbean are used to highlight successes and failures. The main reasons for lack of sustainability, or failure, of programs are discussed. These include the economic constraints that were faced in several African countries, or technical shortcomings such as were perceived as a major problem in Puerto Rico. The successes are generally associated with enforcement of appropriate legislation and good management, such as occurred in Zimbabwe. These case studies are analyzed to identify features that may assist in the implementation of the ongoing tropical bont tick eradication program in the Caribbean. The paper concludes with some practical suggestions for the future, and the need to reassess the economics of control and the potential additional animal health benefits derived from tick control programs.

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Immunisation of cattle in Zimbabwe usingTheileria Parva (boleni) without concurrent tetracycline therapy

Cited by 7 publications

References 6 publications

Buffalo‐Associated Theileria parva: The Risk to Cattle of Buffalo Translocation into the Highveld of Zimbabwe

Buffalo‐Associated Theileria parva: The Risk to Cattle of Buffalo Translocation into the Highveld of Zimbabwe

Immunization against diseases caused by Theileria parva: a review

Past and Present National Tick Control Programs: Why They Succeed or Fail

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