Immunnostimulatory activity of Holothuria atra sea cucumber

Abstract

Immunostimulant is a substance that can stimulate the immune system against pathogenic microbes. Natural products produced by sea cucumbers have the potential to be developed as immunostimulants. This study was aimed to evaluate the imunostimulatory activity of Holothuria atra extract using the phagocytocyte assay of macrophage cells and the differentiation of leukocyte in rats. The samples of H. atra were taken from Halmahera waters, North Maluku, Indonesia. Extraction was carried out with 96% ethanol. Phagocytocyte activity assay was carried out using macrophage cells isolated from Balb/c mice (Mus musculus) using a series of doses 0.5; 1.0; 2.0; 4.0; 8.0; 16.0 and 32.0 mg/kg body weight. Leukocyte differentiation test in vivo was conducted using Rattus norvegicus rat treated with H. atra extract for 90 days with the following series of doses: 0, 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg body weight. The results showed that the highest phagocytosis activity was reached at a concentration of 4.0 µg/ml, but it was insignificantly different from the negative control group (p < 0.05). Leukocyte differentiation assay showed that the administration of H. atra extract increased the immune system response in the animals which was characterized by the increasing number of lymphocyte cells. H. atra extract also decreased the number of monocytes and neutrophils, suggesting the suppression of inflammation in the tested rats. Extract administration for 90 days did not cause a hypersensitivity reaction as indicated by the unchanged number of eosinophil and basophil cells. Based on the results of this study, it is concluded that H. atra had a potency to develop as an immunostimulant.

Identifikasi Molekuler, Analisis Profil Asam Amino, dan Asam Lemak dari Beberapa Teripang Asal Perairan Indonesia

“…Manfaat teripang untuk kesehatan telah banyak dilaporkan, seperti peptida sebagai antihipertensi (Dewi, Patantis, Fawzya, Irianto, & Sa'diah, 2020), saponin sebagai antiobesitas, antikanker, antitumor dan agen imunostimulan (Guo et al, 2016;Mohamed, Mahmoud, Soliman, & Fahmy, 2019;Nursid, Marraskuranto, & Chasanah, 2019;Nursid et al, 2021), kondroitin sulfat sebagai antikoagulan dan anti HIV (Huang et al, 2013;Wu et al, 2012), serta karotenoid sebagai antibakeri (Ibrahim, 2012). Kandungan metabolit primer lainnya seperti kandungan asam amino dan asam lemak teripang mem iliki peranan penti ng terhadap proses metabolisme, seperti penyerapan nutrien dan osmoregulasi (Susilowati, Pratitis, & Januar, 2017) dan sebagai bahan baku nutrasetika untuk mencegah berbagai macam penyakit kronis (Fawzya, Januar, Susilowati, & Chasanah, 2015).…”

Seasonal and taxa impact on edible sea cucumber's metabolome and in relation to its cytotoxicity as analyzed via UHPLC/HR‐MS/MS‐based molecular networking and chemometrics

“…It is an edible sea cucumber with a rich content of primarily triterpene glycoside saponins (Grauso et al., 2019). H. atra extract demonstrated various biological effects, including antimicrobial, antiproliferative, cytotoxic, antioxidant, and immunostimulatory (Dakrory et al., 2015; Dhinakaran & Lipton, 2014; Lee et al., 2019; Nursid et al., 2021).…”

In Silico Approach Triterpene Glycoside of H. atra Targeting Orotidine 5-Monophosphate Decarboxylase Protein (PfOMPDC) in P. falciparum Infection Mechanism

“…It is known that H. atra contains a variety of active compounds, some of which are chlorogenic acid, coumaric acid, ascorbic acid, rutin, pyrogallol, artemisinin, and catechin [12]. H. atra has been included in the community's dietary practices and has been found to possess several bioactive compounds that exhibit antifungal and antibacterial effects [13][14][15].…”