Immunoblot Analysis of the Humoral Immune Response to<i>Leishmania donovani</i>Polypeptides in Cases of Human Visceral Leishmaniasis: Its Usefulness in Prognosis

Kumar, P.; Pai, Kalpana; Tripathi, Kiran; Pandey, Harsh; Sundar, Shyam

doi:10.1128/cdli.9.5.1119-1123.2002

Cited by 17 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…65-kDa antigenic component was recognized by 100% of serum specimens from patients with clinically and parasitologically confirmed VL. It was never identified in the control sera tested (100% specificity) (46).…”

Section: Other Testsmentioning

confidence: 91%

Visceral Leishmaniasis: An Update and Literature Review

Karimi

Alborzi

Amanati

2016

Arch Pediatr Infect Dis

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Context: Leishmania is a pathogen that infects mononuclear phagocytes in which they establish chronic intracellular parasitism and survive for the infected person's lifetime. Untreated cases of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) could cause death within two years. Along with known complications of VL, co-infection of Leishmania with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is becoming more frequent, with important clinical, diagnostic, chemotherapeutic, epidemiologic, and economic implications. This review attempts to provide updated information about diagnosis and treatment of VL. Evidence Acquisition: In this narrative review, recent published sources of information on leishmaniasis consisting of books and articles have been reviewed. This review focuses on VL. Results: The outcome of infection depends on the host, the Leishmania species, and co-morbidities or co-infections. Disease manifestation may range from asymptomatic carrier to fatal disease. The development of a sensitive and rapid antigen detection test for relapse detection and also for cure remains an important aspect in diagnosis. Conclusions: Development of novel drugs and diagnostic tests has allowed us to better manage VL. Although leishmaniasis is one of the oldest known parasitic infectious diseases, increasing prevalence of VL among specific populations, recent reports of disease reactivation and flare-up in clinically asymptomatic patients after the onset of immunosuppressive therapy, the risk of disease acquisition by tourists in endemic areas (e.g., the Mediterranean eara), and difficulties in prevention and controlling disease (i.e., given the diversity and distribution of vectors and reservoirs), leishmaniasis has again attracted researchers' attention. Concerning reports of treatment failure and drug resistance are also new challenges in management of this parasitic disease in endemic areas.

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Section: Other Testsmentioning

confidence: 91%

Visceral Leishmaniasis: An Update and Literature Review

Karimi

Alborzi

Amanati

2016

Arch Pediatr Infect Dis

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“…The collection of aspirates is particularly invasive, not very easy, and painful for the subject, however, and both the direct examination of smears and culture may not offer adequate sensitivity (Guerin et al, 2002). As blood samples are relatively easy to obtain without much pain, efforts have been made to develop serological tests in which anti-parasite antibodies are detected by using IFAT, direct agglutination tests, ELISA, western blots, immunochromatographic strip tests or other methods (Le Fichoux et al, 1999;Kumar et al, 2001;Kumar et al, 2002;Sundar et al, 2002a, b). Cases of leishmaniasis who are ID may have such large numbers of amastigotes in their peripheral blood that the microscopical examination of a bloodsmear or culture of the Buffy coat from a centrifuged sample of blood may be sufficient to confirm the infection (Berman, 1997;Dereure et al, 1998).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis: the sensitivities and specificities of traditional methods and a nested PCR assay

Gatti

Gramegna²,

Klersy

et al. 2004

Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology

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In the present study, 67 patients suspected to be cases of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) were each checked for leishmanial infection by the microscopical evaluation of various biological specimens, in-vitro culture, serology and an assay based on nested PCR. Most (35) of the subjects were immunocompetent (IC) but 32 were immunodeficient (ID) as the result of HIV infection (18 cases), treatment to prevent transplanted organs being rejected (six) or haematological malignancies (eight). Forty-one (61.2%) of the subjects (19 IC subjects, 12 HIV-positive patients, four transplant patients and six patients with malignancies) were considered true cases of VL. For the IC subjects, only the production and microscopical examination of leucocytoconcentrates and cultures of Buffy coats gave sensitivities of <80%, the results of the other methods showing higher sensitivities and almost perfect agreement with the 'gold-standard' diagnoses. For the ID subjects, however, only the serological tests and the PCR gave reasonable sensitivities (of >80%). For the initial diagnosis of leishmaniasis in ID patients, IFAT and western blots may be useful, as, among the present ID patients, they gave sensitivities (of 80.9% and 88.2%, respectively) that were almost as high as that for the PCR, and specificities of 100%. In the diagnosis of VL in either IC or ID patients, the assay based on a nested PCR appeared to be particularly reliable, with sensitivities of 88.9% and 95.2%, respectively, and a specificity of 100% in both groups of patients. The testing of bone-marrow aspirates by PCR revealed very few VL cases who were not found positive when samples of their peripheral blood were checked in the same assay. For both IC and ID subjects therefore, the use of the PCR-based method to test samples of peripheral blood (which can be collected much more easily than bone-marrow aspirates and with much less pain for the subject) is recommended.

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“…First, high serum antibody levels are present in both asymptomatic and active VL (5,8,9,12,16,45). Second, serum anti-Leishmania antibodies remain present for several years after the patient has been cured, an outcome that complicates the diagnosis of relapsed VL (15,25,32). Third, a number of individuals from areas of VL endemicity with no history of VL do have antileishmanial antibodies, therefore complicating the specificity of these tests (21).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification and Diagnostic Utility of Leishmania infantum Proteins Found in Urine Samples from Patients with Visceral Leishmaniasis

Abeijón¹,

Kashino²,

Silva

et al. 2012

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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ABSTRACTDespite the clear need to control visceral leishmaniasis (VL), the existing diagnostic tests have serious shortcomings. Here, we introduce an innovative approach to directly identifyLeishmania infantumantigens producedin vivoin humans with VL. We combined reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) with mass spectrometry and categorized three distinctL. infantumproteins presumably produced in bone marrow/spleen/liver and excreted in the urine of patients with VL. The genes coding for these proteins (L. infantumiron superoxide dismutase, NCBI accession numberXP_001467866.1;L. infantumtryparedoxin, NCBI accession numberXP_001466642.1; andL. infantumnuclear transport factor 2, NCBI accession numberXP_001463738.1) were cloned, and the recombinant molecules were produced inEscherichia coli. Antibodies to these proteins were produced in rabbits and chickens and were used to develop a capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) designed to detect theseL. infantumantigens in the urine of VL patients. Specificity of the antibodies was confirmed by a Western blot analysis using both recombinant proteins and whole parasite extract. Importantly, a urinary antigen detection assay assembled with pairs of antibodies specific for each of these antigens identified 17 of 19 patients with VL. These results indicate that an improved antigen detection assay based onL. infantumproteins present in the urine of patients with VL may represent an important new strategy for the development of a specific and accurate diagnostic test that has the potential to both distinguish active VL from asymptomatic infection and serve as an important tool to monitor therapy efficacy.

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Immunoblot Analysis of the Humoral Immune Response toLeishmania donovaniPolypeptides in Cases of Human Visceral Leishmaniasis: Its Usefulness in Prognosis

Cited by 17 publications

References 29 publications

Visceral Leishmaniasis: An Update and Literature Review

Visceral Leishmaniasis: An Update and Literature Review

Diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis: the sensitivities and specificities of traditional methods and a nested PCR assay

Identification and Diagnostic Utility of Leishmania infantum Proteins Found in Urine Samples from Patients with Visceral Leishmaniasis

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