Immunochemical Aspects of Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI) Toxicity

Isocyanate vapor-induced antigenicity of human albumin

“…[3][4][5][6] Isocyanate-albumin conjugates (the reaction products of isocyanate and albumin) have traditionally been used as antigens for clinical investigations on the basis of the hypothesis that isocyanates act as haptens, as well as practical issues related to protein purification, availability, and solubility. 7 Studies to date have shown variable associations between markers of sensitivity (ie, antigenspecific IgE, T-cell proliferation) and occupational asthma, and have been hindered by technical issues involved in generating isocyanate-albumin conjugates. [3][4][5] Contemporary methods for generating isocyanatealbumin conjugates have changed little since first described in 1964 by Scheel et al, 7 yet they remain poorly standardized.…”

Bronchial asthma of occupational origin: a review

“…Atopic patients were found to have a unique response to intranasal immunizations with certain protein and carbohydrate antigens. They produced high concentrations of skin-sensitizing antibodies which resulted in an immediate type response to skin testing with these antigens (64,105,106,107,108,109,110). Such a reaction was rarely observed in normal (nonatopic) subjects immunized by the same schedule.…”

“…In general those with molecular weights of less than 1,000 (micromolecules) are included, for example, paraphenylene diamine, formalin, chloramine, formaldehyde, and sulfathiazole (84 Isocyanates. Isocyanates are widely used in the production of polyurethane, which has application in the manufacture of plastics, foam, surface coating and elastomers, adhesives, and fibers (6,14,15,26,63,84,95,100,110,113,123,124). The four most common isocyanates are toluene diisocyanate (TDI), diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI), naphthalene diisocyanate (NDI) , and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI).…”

Toluylendiisocyanate [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 1999]

“…Bei der immunologischen Genese führt die spontane Reaktion von TDI mit körpereigenen Proteinen (Scheel et al 1964) zur Bildung spezifischer Antikörper gegen die veränderten Proteine. Dementsprechend wurden bei einem Teil der Personen mit einer TDI-Überempfindlichkeit der Atemwege spezifische IgE-oder IgGAntikörper gegen bestimmte TDI-Protein-Konjugate nachgewiesen.…”