Immunogenic properties of immunoglobulin superfamily members within complex biological networks

Odales, Josué; Valle, Jesus Guzman; Martínez-Cortés, Fernando; Manoutcharian, Karen

doi:10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104235

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 71 publications

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“…The Ig-SF is represented by the presence of Ig homology domains, which are the largest and most diverse superfamily proteins found in humans ( 128 ). The Ig-SF contains many subgroup families that are expressed on the cell surface, bind diverse ligands, and contribute to various cellular activities, including adhesion and immune responses ( 129 ).…”

Section: The Ig-sfmentioning

confidence: 99%

T cell co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory pathways in atopic dermatitis

Zheng

Shi²,

Zou³

2023

Front. Immunol.

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The use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting the T cell inhibitory pathways has revolutionized cancer treatment. However, ICIs might induce progressive atopic dermatitis (AD) by affecting T cell reactivation. The critical role of T cells in AD pathogenesis is widely known. T cell co-signaling pathways regulate T cell activation, where co-signaling molecules are essential for determining the magnitude of the T cell response to antigens. Given the increasing use of ICIs in cancer treatment, a timely overview of the role of T cell co-signaling molecules in AD is required. In this review, we emphasize the importance of these molecules involved in AD pathogenesis. We also discuss the potential of targeting T cell co-signaling pathways to treat AD and present the unresolved issues and existing limitations. A better understanding of the T cell co-signaling pathways would aid investigation of the mechanism, prognosis evaluation, and treatment of AD.

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Section: The Ig-sfmentioning

confidence: 99%

T cell co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory pathways in atopic dermatitis

Zheng

Shi²,

Zou³

2023

Front. Immunol.

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Was Immunoglobulins Effective in Disease Severity and Length of Hospital Stay in Children With the Infection of Sars-Cov-2 ?

Uygun

Yavuz

Erdem

et al. 2023

Kocatepe Tıp Dergisi

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OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether immunoglobulin levels on admission are associated with disease severity, time to negativization of SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test, and length of hospital stay in children with severe illness requiring hospitalization. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty-four pediatric patients hospitalized and treated for COVID-19 were included. The patients were divided into two groups as those with mild-to-moderate (n=35) and those with severe disease (n=9) for ease of evaluation. The relationship of immunoglobulin levels with disease severity, time to SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test negativization and length of hospital stay was examined. RESULTS: The study population had a median (min-max) age of 13 (1-18) years and consisted of 25 (56.8%) girls and 19 (43.2%) boys. IgG levels were normal in 89.2% (n=33) and elevated in 5.7% (n=2) of the children with mild-to-moderate disease. Among patients with severe disease, IgG levels were normal in 44.4% (n=4) and elevated in 55.6% (n=5). A significant difference was found between the groups in terms of IgG levels (p=0.002). When the relationship of IgG level with length of hospital stay and time to SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test negativization was investigated, no significant correlation was observed between time to SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test negativization and Ig G level (p=0.096, z=1.667). However, the length of hospital stay was significantly longer in patients with elevated IgG levels (p=0.096, p=0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Higher-than-normal endogenous IgG levels may be independently associated with the development of severe illness and prolonged hospital stay in children hospitalized for COVID-19.

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Molecular Bases of Protein Antigenicity and Determinants of Immunogenicity, Anergy, and Mitogenicity

Pedroza-Escobar,

Castillo-Maldonado,

González-Cortés

et al. 2023

PPL

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Background: The immune system is able to recognize substances that originate from inside or outside the body and are potentially harmful. Foreign substances that bind to immune system components exhibit antigenicity and are defined as antigens. The antigens exhibiting immunogenicity can induce innate or adaptive immune responses and give rise to humoral or cell-mediated immunity. The antigens exhibiting mitogenicity can cross-link cell membrane receptors on B and T lymphocytes leading to cell proliferation. All antigens vary greatly in physicochemical features such as biochemical nature, structural complexity, molecular size, foreignness, solubility, and so on. Objective:: Thus, this review aims to describe the molecular bases of protein-antigenicity and those molecular bases that lead to an immune response, lymphocyte proliferation, or unresponsiveness. Conclusion: The epitopes of an antigen are located in surface areas; they are about 880-3,300 Da in size. They are protein, carbohydrate, or lipid in nature. Soluble antigens are smaller than 1 nm and are endocytosed less efficiently than particulate antigens. The more the structural complexity of an antigen increases, the more the antigenicity increases due to the number and variety of epitopes. The smallest immunogens are about 4,000-10,000 Da in size. The more phylogenetically distant immunogens are from the immunogen-recipient, the more immunogenicity increases. Antigens that are immunogens can trigger an innate or adaptive immune response. The innate response is induced by antigens that are pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Exogenous antigens, T Dependent or T Independent, induce humoral immunogenicity. TD protein-antigens require two epitopes, one sequential and one conformational to induce antibodies, whereas, TI non-protein-antigens require only one conformational epitope to induce low-affinity antibodies. Endogenous protein antigens require only one sequential epitope to induce cell-mediated immunogenicity.

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Immunogenic properties of immunoglobulin superfamily members within complex biological networks

Abstract: Highlights Antibody-based therapies induce CDR-specific T and B cell responses. Idiotype-anti-idiotype network alters immune system memory compartment. Antigenized antibodies are efficient vaccine immunogen.

Cited by 4 publications

References 71 publications

T cell co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory pathways in atopic dermatitis

T cell co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory pathways in atopic dermatitis

Was Immunoglobulins Effective in Disease Severity and Length of Hospital Stay in Children With the Infection of Sars-Cov-2 ?

Molecular Bases of Protein Antigenicity and Determinants of Immunogenicity, Anergy, and Mitogenicity

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