F unctional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID) are a group of diseases in children are characterized by chronic and recurrent complaints of the upper or lower gastrointestinal system, where there are no structural or biochemical abnormalities, the symptoms cannot be explained by another medical condition after proper evaluation, and the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms are not well known [1, 2]. Abnormal gastrointestinal motility, visceral hypersensitivity, changes in brain intestinal interactions, psychosocial factors and gastrointestinal microbiota have been reported to be effective in the pathophysiology of FGID [3-5].

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare clinical syndrome characterized by uncontrolled activation of cytotoxic T cells and antigen-presenting cells. Common clinical manifestations include high fever, maculopapular rash, neurological symptoms, coagulopathy, and abnormal liver function tests [1]. HLH can be either primary, that is, due to an underlying genetic defect, or secondary, associated with malignancies, autoimmune diseases, or infections. The true incidence of secondary HLH is difficult to define. Infection associated HLH are most commonly associated with viral infections mainly of the herpes group, with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) that is proposed to be the most common cause [2]. Despite the high incidence of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection in the pediatric population in general, there are few pediatric case reports in the literature about HAV-associated hemophagocytic syndrome [3]. We encountered 2 patients with HAV-associated hemophagocytic syndrome.

Angiography was associated with increased levels of depression and anxiety in parents of children with congenital heart diseases. In comparison to parents of patients with acyanotic congenital heart disease, mothers of patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease had significantly higher levels of depression and anxiety.

We demonstrated that the thyroid-autoimmune-diseases-related autoantibodies are frequently found in childhood ITP. Although no recommendation is found in international guidelines regarding screening for thyroid autoantibodies in patients with ITP, in view of the high incidence of antithyroid antibodies and their potential negative effect on treatment response, screening these patients for such antibodies would be recommended.

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